A method for constructing Polarization Assisted Convolutional (PAC) codes, the method including passing a codeword through a noisy channel to obtain a first bit and a noise value, determining whether the first bit is an information bit or a non-information bit based on the noise value by decoding the codeword to obtain a decoded codeword, selecting at least one of a reward or a penalty for the first bit based on the decoded codeword, the reward being set based on a probability of decoding, and the selecting selects the penalty for the first bit in response to determining the first bit is incorrectly decoded, and iterating the passing, the determining and the selecting according to Q-values for each state among a plurality of states, at least one of the Q-values corresponding to the first bit.

A method for constructing Polarization Assisted Convolutional (PAC) codes, the method including passing a codeword through a noisy channel to obtain a first bit and a noise value, determining whether the first bit is an information bit or a non-information bit based on the noise value by decoding the codeword to obtain a decoded codeword, selecting at least one of a reward or a penalty for the first bit based on the decoded codeword, the reward being set based on a probability of decoding, and the selecting selects the penalty for the first bit in response to determining the first bit is incorrectly decoded, and iterating the passing, the determining and the selecting according to Q-values for each state among a plurality of states, at least one of the Q-values corresponding to the first bit.

Disclosed are devices, systems and methods for precoding and decoding polar codes using local feedback are described. One example method for improving an error correction capability of a decoder includes receiving a noisy codeword vector of length n, the codeword having been generated based on a concatenation of a convolutional encoding operation and a polar encoding operation and provided to a communication channel prior to reception by the decoder, performing a successive-cancellation decoding operation on the noisy codeword vector to generate a plurality of polar decoded symbols (n), generating a plurality of information symbols (k) by performing a convolutional decoding operation on the plurality of polar decoded symbols, wherein k/n is a rate of the concatenation of the convolutional encoding operation and the polar encoding operation, and performing a bidirectional communication between the successive-cancellation decoding operation and the convolutional decoding operation.

Proposed are a method and apparatus for receiving a PPDU on which BCC interleaving has been performed in a Multi-RU in a wireless LAN system. Specifically, a reception STA receives, from a transmission STA, a PPDU comprising a data field and decodes the data field. The data field is received via a Multi-RU which is an aggregate of a first RU and a second RU. The data field is generated on the basis of a coded bit string included in a BCC interleaver block. The coded bit string is obtained by interleaving a data bit string on the basis of first and second parameters. The data bit string is interleaved as the data bit string is entered into the BCC interleaver block in rows on the basis of the first parameter and is read out in columns of the BCC interleaver block on the basis of the second parameter.

Provided are a transmitter and a method for transmitting a data block in a wireless communication system. The method comprises the following steps: deciding the number of bits (s) and encoders (N.sub.ES) to allocate to one axis of a signal constellation; encoding an information bit based on the s and the N.sub.ES and generating a coded block; parsing the coded block based on the s and the N.sub.ES and generating a plurality of frequency sub-blocks; and transmitting the plurality of frequency sub-blocks to a receiver.

Operational n-state digital circuits and n-state switching operations with n and integer greater than 2 execute Finite Lab-transformed (FLT) n-state switching functions to process n-state signals provided on at least 2 inputs to generate an n-state signal on an output. The FLT is an enhancement of a computer architecture. Cryptographic apparatus and methods apply circuits that are characterized by FLT-ed addition and/or multiplication over finite field GF(n) or by addition and/or multiplication modulo-n that are modified in accordance with reversible n-state inverters, and are no longer known operations. Cryptographic methods processed on FLT modified machine instructions include encryption/decryption, public key generation, and digital signature methods including Post-Quantum methods. They include modification of isogeny based, NTRU based and McEliece based cryptographic machines.

A method of modulating an optical camera communication (OCC) signal by an OCC transmission node in an OCC system includes acquiring a binary data signal, grouping the binary data signal for every k bits to convert the binary data signal into a global phase shift signal having an integer value from 0 to M−1 (=2.sup.k−1), generating a data signal group by mapping the global phase shift signal to first to Mth mapping sequences in the form of an n*M/2-bit sequence based on a preset symbol group mapping table, generating a pulse wave signal by modulating the data signal group, and blinking each of a plurality of light sources included in the OCC transmission node according to the pulse wave signal. Accordingly, performance of the communication system may be improved.

A convolutional code rate matching method and a communication apparatus are provided. A puncturing pattern of a second codeword at a second code rate is obtained based on a puncturing pattern of a first codeword at a first code rate. A second puncturing location set of the second codeword is a subset of a first puncturing location set of the first codeword. When a transmit device decreases a code rate from the first code rate to the second code rate, a redundant bit is sent at a location of a complementary set of the second puncturing location set relative to the first puncturing location set. Compared with the first puncturing location set, the second puncturing location set may obtain more incremental redundant bits, to decrease a channel encoding rate. This can improve decoding performance of a convolutional code.

A convolutional code rate matching method and a communication apparatus are provided. A puncturing pattern of a second codeword at a second code rate is obtained based on a puncturing pattern of a first codeword at a first code rate. A second puncturing location set of the second codeword is a subset of a first puncturing location set of the first codeword. When a transmit device decreases a code rate from the first code rate to the second code rate, a redundant bit is sent at a location of a complementary set of the second puncturing location set relative to the first puncturing location set. Compared with the first puncturing location set, the second puncturing location set may obtain more incremental redundant bits, to decrease a channel encoding rate. This can improve decoding performance of a convolutional code.

Consistent with a further aspect of the present disclosure, previously encoded data is stored in a memory, and an encoder accesses both input data and previously encoded data to generate new encoded data or a new codeword. Each codeword is stored in a row of the memory, and with each newly generated codeword, each previously stored code word is shifted to an adjacent row of the memory. In one example, the memory is delineated as a plurality of blocks including rows and columns of bits. When generating a new code word, randomly selected columns of bits in the memory are read from randomly selected blocks of the memory and supplied to the encoder. In this manner the number of times the memory is access is reduced and power consumption is reduced.