Multiple data permutation operations in respective different dimensions are used to provide an overall effective data permutation using smaller blocks of data in each permutation than would be used in directly implementing the overall permutation in a single permutation operation. Data that has been permuted in one permutation operation is block interleaved, and the interleaved data is then permuted in a subsequent permutation operation. A matrix transpose is one example of block interleaving that could be applied between permutation operations.

Multiple data permutation operations in respective different dimensions are used to provide an overall effective data permutation using smaller blocks of data in each permutation than would be used in directly implementing the overall permutation in a single permutation operation. Data that has been permuted in one permutation operation is block interleaved, and the interleaved data is then permuted in a subsequent permutation operation. A matrix transpose is one example of block interleaving that could be applied between permutation operations.

A data stream de-interleaving method is provided. The method includes: obtaining a first interleaved data stream on which forward error correction FEC encoding is performed; obtaining, based on an interleaving granularity of the first interleaved data stream, N sub-data streams corresponding to the first interleaved data stream, where N is an interleaving depth of the first interleaved data stream, and N is a positive integer greater than 1; determining a de-interleaving position based on FEC codeword boundaries of at least two of the N sub-data streams; and obtaining a first de-interleaved data stream based on the de-interleaving position and the first interleaved data stream.