A high efficiency satellite transmitter comprises an RF amplifier chip in thermal contact with a radiant cooling element via a heat conducting element. The RF amplifier chip comprises an active layer disposed on a high thermal conductivity substrate having a thermal conductivity greater than about 1000 W/mK, maximizing heat conduction out of the RF amplifier chip and ultimately into outer space when the chip is operating within a satellite under normal transmission conditions. In one embodiment, the active layer comprises materials selected from the group consisting of GaN, InGaN, AlGaN, and InGaAlN alloys. In one embodiment, the high thermal conductivity substrate comprises synthetic diamond.

A liquid product distribution network includes a liquid product distribution monitoring and reporting apparatus for operation in association with a tap handle flow monitoring and reporting apparatus. The liquid product distribution monitoring and reporting apparatus includes a radio transmitter device and sensing circuitry for sensing and communicating physical properties associating with the keg. A tap handle flow monitoring and reporting apparatus senses flow of a liquid through a tap includes a tap handle radio transmitter device for fitting within and protected by a tap handle and a low-energy consumption tap handle radio/processing module. A mobile communications device with geographic position sensing device and/or said tap handle flow monitoring and reporting apparatus passively and without user interaction within the liquid product distribution network, without using network uplink/gateway circuit devices for sensing and reporting fluid storage, flow, and financial operations relating to the distribution of said liquid product throughout the liquid product distribution network.

A liquid product distribution network includes a liquid product distribution monitoring and reporting apparatus for operation in association with a tap handle flow monitoring and reporting apparatus. The liquid product distribution monitoring and reporting apparatus includes a radio transmitter device and sensing circuitry for sensing and communicating physical properties associating with the keg. A tap handle flow monitoring and reporting apparatus senses flow of a liquid through a tap includes a tap handle radio transmitter device for fitting within and protected by a tap handle and a low-energy consumption tap handle radio/processing module. A mobile communications device with geographic position sensing device and/or said tap handle flow monitoring and reporting apparatus passively and without user interaction within the liquid product distribution network, without using network uplink/gateway circuit devices for sensing and reporting fluid storage, flow, and financial operations relating to the distribution of said liquid product throughout the liquid product distribution network.

An OFDM signal transmission apparatus is provided, which includes a mapping unit configured to map first signals into N subcarriers and second signals into M subcarrier(s) to form an OFDM signal, wherein N is larger than M. The first signals are each indicating a same bit of retransmission information and the second signals are each indicating a same bit of information other than retransmission information. The OFDM signal transmission apparatus further includes a transmitting unit configured to transmit the formed OFDM signal.

An OFDM signal transmission apparatus is provided, which includes a mapping unit configured to map first signals into N subcarriers and second signals into M subcarrier(s) to form an OFDM signal, wherein N is larger than M. The first signals are each indicating a same bit of retransmission information and the second signals are each indicating a same bit of information other than retransmission information. The OFDM signal transmission apparatus further includes a transmitting unit configured to transmit the formed OFDM signal.

Systems and method for improving operation of a radio frequency system are provided. One embodiment includes a switching power amplifier that outputs an amplified analog electrical signal based on an input electrical signal and voltage of an envelope voltage supply rail. The switching power amplifier includes a first transistor with a gate that receives the input electrical signal, a source electrically coupled to the envelope voltage supply rail, and a drain electrically coupled to an output of the switching power amplifier; a second transistor with a gate that receives the input electrical signal, a source electrically coupled to ground, and a drain electrically coupled to the output; and a third transistor with a gate that receives the input electrical signal, a drain electrically coupled to the envelope voltage supply rail, and a source electrically coupled to an output of another switching power amplifier.

Systems and method for improving operation of a radio frequency system are provided. One embodiment includes a switching power amplifier that outputs an amplified analog electrical signal based on an input electrical signal and voltage of an envelope voltage supply rail. The switching power amplifier includes a first transistor with a gate that receives the input electrical signal, a source electrically coupled to the envelope voltage supply rail, and a drain electrically coupled to an output of the switching power amplifier; a second transistor with a gate that receives the input electrical signal, a source electrically coupled to ground, and a drain electrically coupled to the output; and a third transistor with a gate that receives the input electrical signal, a drain electrically coupled to the envelope voltage supply rail, and a source electrically coupled to an output of another switching power amplifier.

A synthesizer circuit to generate a local oscillator carrier signal for a baseband signal includes a controlled oscillator comprising a phase lock loop and an oscillator configured to generate an oscillating signal. A pulling compensation circuit is configured to generate a correction signal for a present output of the phase locked loop using information on an error of the oscillating signal, information on a present sample of a baseband signal and a preceding correction signal for a preceding output of the phase locked loop.

A synthesizer circuit to generate a local oscillator carrier signal for a baseband signal includes a controlled oscillator comprising a phase lock loop and an oscillator configured to generate an oscillating signal. A pulling compensation circuit is configured to generate a correction signal for a present output of the phase locked loop using information on an error of the oscillating signal, information on a present sample of a baseband signal and a preceding correction signal for a preceding output of the phase locked loop.

A method, in a telecommunications system, for transmitting radio signals from a base station comprising at least a pair of transmission branches configured to supply output signals for respective antennae of the base station, to at least one terminal comprising at least one antenna, the method comprising splitting a signal for transmission into at least first and second components, applying a phase shift to the first component to generate a modified first component and providing the modified first component and the second component to respective power amplifiers for transmission over the antennae.