A biological lighting system to provide temporally- and spatially-modulated photon flux output and spectral power distributions to plants on a circadian and circannual basis, or circadian and life cycle basis, to maximize effective and efficient growth in a horticultural setting. The photon flux or irradiance output and the spectral power distribution are modulated to match circadian and circannual rhythms, with individual or multiple luminaires controlled through one or more controllers. Different lighting spectra can be employed depending on the direction of illumination. The photon flux or irradiance output and the spectral power distribution may be set as best suited for any particular plant species, and the system is also useful for raising animals.

A biological lighting system to provide temporally- and spatially-modulated photon flux output and spectral power distributions to plants on a circadian and circannual basis, or circadian and life cycle basis, to maximize effective and efficient growth in a horticultural setting. The photon flux or irradiance output and the spectral power distribution are modulated to match circadian and circannual rhythms, with individual or multiple luminaires controlled through one or more controllers. Different lighting spectra can be employed depending on the direction of illumination. The photon flux or irradiance output and the spectral power distribution may be set as best suited for any particular plant species, and the system is also useful for raising animals.

Methods of treating a human subject exposed to radiation in space. The methods include the steps of administering to the subject in space a chlorophyll composition sufficient to provide at least about 0.15 μM of chlorophyll or its metabolites to the subject's bloodstream, and then exposing the subject in space to light having a wavelength of about 620 nm to about 760 nm and an intensity of about 5 W/m.sup.2 to about 1000 W/m.sup.2 for at least about 5 minutes. Methods for estimating the level of ubiquinol in the bloodstream of a subject having chlorophyll or chlorophyll metabolite in the bloodstream, which may be after treatment by the above methods, include the steps of exposing the subject's skin to light to induce fluorescence of the chlorophyll or chlorophyll metabolite, measuring the level of fluorescing chlorophyll or chlorophyll metabolite in the bloodstream using fluorescence spectroscopy, and correlating the level of fluorescing chlorophyll or chlorophyll metabolite to the level of ubiquinol using a predetermined scaling factor.

A disinfection circadian lighting device includes a housing and two means of lighting. The first means of lighting is a general lighting means and it includes a first light source, a first lens, and a first driver. The second means of lighting is a germicidal lighting means and it includes a second light source, a second lens, and a second driver. The second light source is a far UVC light source with its spectral power distribution mainly in the wavelength range 200 nm to 230 nm. The first light source may comprise a third light source and a fourth light source, where third light source is a blue-depleted light source and the fourth light source is a blue-enriched light source. A circadian controller can mix the light output of the third and the fourth light sources according to a circadian schedule.

A device includes a material and a silver titanium dioxide coating supported by the material. The material may be a face mask adapted to be worn by a user. The coating may be applied via a Silver Titanium Dioxide solution. The solution may also be atomized for inhaling. Silver Titanium Dioxide acts as a photocatalyst at least due to the Titanium Dioxide to degrade organic molecules and microorganisms. The silver acts as a Bacteria stat, Fungus stat, and a Virus stat with or without light exposure. A titanium dioxide solution may be applied to skin. Exposure of the solution imbibed skin to light may be performed to remove or reduce tattoos.

A biological lighting system to provide temporally- and spatially-modulated photon flux output and spectral power distributions to plants on a circadian and circannual basis, or circadian and life cycle basis, to maximize effective and efficient growth in a horticultural setting. The photon flux or irradiance output and the spectral power distribution are modulated to match circadian and circannual rhythms, with individual or multiple luminaires controlled through one or more controllers. Different lighting spectra can be employed depending on the direction of illumination. The photon flux or irradiance output and the spectral power distribution may be set as best suited for any particular plant species, and the system is also useful for raising animals.

A method of emitting light from one or more light emitting elements, the method comprising: emitting a first time period of photopic light, followed by emitting a first time period of scotopic light, followed by emitting a second time period of photopic light, and followed by emitting a second time period of scotopic light; wherein a first transition from the first time period of photopic light to the first time period of scotopic light is different compared to a second transition from the second time period of photopic light to the second time period of scotopic light, and/or wherein a third transition from the first time period of scotopic light to the second time period of photopic light is different compared to a fourth transition from the second time period of scotopic light to the first time period of photopic light or a third time period of photopic light.

Provided herein is an indoor emotional lighting apparatus for implementing three-dimensional (3D) pattern for a vehicle, the indoor emotional lighting apparatus including a film portion on which a plurality of fine lenses each having a 3D pattern are arranged, a light source configured to emit light in a plurality of directions, and a light source guide portion configured to guide an optical path of the light source to allow the light emitted from the light source to be directed toward the film portion.

A system for controlling an environment to enhance circadian rhythm includes a control system associated with a building, and a plurality of sensors and environment enhancing devices placed within the building. Based on data transmitted by the sensors to the control system, the control system activates the environment enhancing devices to improve circadian rhythms of a resident.

A method and apparatus to provide phototherapy to domesticated animals. The apparatus includes at least one light source configured to flood illuminate a housing, a housing sized to at least partially surround at least one domesticated animal, and a control system to adjust the light flux and light duration of the at least one light source. The method includes providing said apparatus and flood illuminating at least one domesticated animal with a clinically significant light flux and light duration.