Systems, devices and methods are disclosed for detecting, characterizing and engaging unmanned vehicles. In one aspect, a method includes detecting an object, such as an unmanned aerial, land or aquatic vehicle that communicates using a radio control (RC) communications protocol, traveling to a zone including scanning one or more frequencies of RF signals; analyzing one or both of time and frequency information of the RF signals to characterize the detected object; and engaging the detected object as an authorized or unauthorized object in the monitored zone.

Executing a FOTA (firmware over the air) method in a LoRa network having low throughput and low power. the transceivers used in the end nodes and in the LoRa gateway are capable of selecting a certain frequency channel and deactivating the LoRa mode. If the spread-spectrum LoRa mode is deactivated, both transceivers at the end node and the gateway function instead using a basic FSK (frequency-shift keying) modulation scheme. This modulation scheme is capable of providing a higher data rate at the expense of reducing the path balance, which indicates how much attenuation the transmitted signal may sustain while still being able to be decoded at the receiver. When using the FSK modulation scheme at a high data rate, a FOTA method may be easily carried out, since the end node must have its receiver activated only for a short time.

Methods and apparatuses are provided for transmitting data in a mobile station of a wireless communication system. Hopping information including a number of sub-bands and a size of a sub-band is identified. Resource allocation information is identified. A resource index is determined for transmitting the data based on the resource allocation information, and determining a resource index change in a unit of a sub-band, a resource index change in a unit of a resource unit, the number of sub-bands, and the size of the sub-band. The data is transmitted using the determined resource index. Each sub-band includes at least one resource unit, and each resource unit includes a plurality of subcarriers.