A method of optimizing delivery of a particle beam at a target is disclosed. The particle beam is delivered from an output device at a plurality of control points. In implementations, the method comprises delivering a substantially continuous particle beam about the plurality of control points, iteratively adjusting a delivery time of the substantially continuous particle beam about the plurality of control points, and processing to undertake at least one of (i) pre-defining energy layers based on one or both of the control points and a control point sampling frequency, or (ii) sorting the energy layers.

A method for delivering radiation treatment may include defining a preliminary trajectory including a plurality of control points. Each control point may be associated with position parameters of a gantry and a couch. The method may also include generating a treatment plan based on the preliminary trajectory by optimizing an intensity and position parameters of a collimator and MLC leaves for each control point. The method may also include decomposing the treatment plan into a delivery trajectory including the plurality of control points. Each of the plurality of control points may be further associated with the optimized intensity, the optimized position parameters of the collimator and the MLC leaves, an output rate, and a motion parameter of each of the gantry, the couch, the collimator, and the MLC leaves. The method may further include instructing a radiation delivery device to deliver the treatment plan according to the delivery trajectory.

Apparatus or techniques can include an applicator that can include an expandable element and an ultrasonic transducer. The applicator can be inserted into a cavity of a tissue region of a patient and images of the cavity and the applicator can be generated based on signals obtained from the ultrasonic transducer. Dosing of radiation can be determined based on the images and a dose of radiation can be delivered to the tissue region by a radiation source located in the applicator.

A radiotherapy dose rate monitor system includes an emitting electrode configured to be impinged by radiotherapy radiation; a collecting electrode configured to form an electrical circuit with said emitting electrode, a current measurement device configured to measure a current through said emitting and collecting electrodes indicative of a dose of said radiotherapy radiation, and a chamber enclosing a gas. Emission of secondary electrons from the emitting electrode provides a majority of the current.

A treatment planning system that generates treatment planning for irradiating a target with a particle beam, includes an arithmetic processing device that sets at least two or more irradiation patterns for one treatment planning, calculates a plurality of predicted dose distributions for each irradiation pattern based on a target dose set for each region for at least one region including a region of the target, and calculates an index for evaluating validity of the irradiation pattern based on the plurality of predicted dose distributions.

Systems and methods for determining a target multi-source model of a radiation source corresponding to an energy spectrum is provided. The systems may obtain an initial multi-source model of the radiation source, which includes an initial phase space file that includes information of a plurality of simulated particles of a plurality of energy levels. The systems may estimate, based on the initial phase space file, a plurality of component PDD curves corresponding to the plurality of energy levels. The systems may obtain a measured PDD curve corresponding to radiation of the energy spectrum. For each energy level, the systems may determine, based on the plurality of component PDD curves and the measured PDD curve, a weight for the each energy level. The systems may further determine the target multi-source model of the radiation source based at least in part on the initial multi-source model and the weights.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for adapting and/or updating radiotherapy treatment plans based on biological and/or physiological data and/or anatomical data extracted or calculated from imaging data acquired in real-time (e.g., during a treatment session). Functional imaging data acquired at the time of radiation treatment is used to modify a treatment plan and/or dose delivery instructions to provide a prescribed dose distribution to patient target regions. Also disclosed herein are methods for evaluating treatment plans based on imaging data acquired in real-time.

A method and system for generating a voxel-based quadratic penalty model for automatic intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning are disclosed herein. A computing system generates an initial assignment of threshold values to a penalty function for IMRT treatment planning. The computing system receives an update to a dose value associated with the IMRT treatment planning. The computing system dynamically updates the threshold values based on the updated dose value. The computing system continues to iterate the threshold values based on further updated dose values.

A computer-based method of optimizing a radiotherapy treatment plan for a patient is proposed, wherein a complete treatment comprising both external beam therapy and brachytherapy is optimized in one procedure using an optimization problem comprising an objective function designed to optimize the total dose distribution as a combination of a first dose distribution to be provided by a first radiation set and a second dose distribution to be provided by a second radiation set. One of the radiation sets is external beam radiotherapy and the other is brachytherapy. The optimization is based on a total desired dose for the whole treatment, images of the patient before the treatment starts and an estimated image of the patient after the first radiation set has been delivered.

A computer-based method of optimizing a radiotherapy treatment plan for a patient is proposed, wherein a treatment plan to be provided by one radiation set is optimized taking into account a previously delivered dose delivered by a different radiation set. One of the radiation sets is external beam radiotherapy and the other is brachytherapy.