The present application provides a method, a device, a transmitter, and a receiver for detecting syncwords. After inserting syncwords in a data frame to be transmitted, a transmitter transmits the data frame to be transmitted inserted with a preset number of syncwords to a receiver. Because the bit-length of information in the data frame to be transmitted inserted with the preset number of syncwords is a specified multiple of the length of the syncwords, and the symbol components of the preset number of the inserted syncwords are different, or the symbol components are the same but the orders of the symbols are different, the receiver correlates each syncword of the preset number of syncwords with the data frame to be transmitted inserted with the preset number of syncwords after receiving the data frame to be transmitted.

Provided is a method of transmitting scheduling control information on a physical uplink shared channel by a base station. The method includes transmitting control information indicating a specific modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index corresponding to modulation and coding scheme (MCS) information to be applied to the physical uplink shared channel through a physical downlink control channel, and receiving the physical uplink shared channel modulated based on specific MCS information determined using one of two or more MCS tables containing the specific MCS index and modulation order information corresponding to at least the MCS index.

The disclosure provides for a method of interference detection using adaptive energy detection in unlicensed spectrum. The method can include a first modem operating according to a first radio access technology (RAT) receiving a message from a network entity operating according to the first RAT. The first modem sends a detected energy level value to a second modem that is using a second RAT, where the detected energy level value is based at least on the measured energy level of the received message. The second modem adjusts an energy detection threshold based on the detected energy level value received from the first modem. In an aspect, the first modem receives messages from a plurality of network entities operating according to the first RAT, where the detected energy level value is determined based on measured energy levels of the plurality of received messages.

A decoder for determining an estimate of a vector of information symbols carried by optical signals propagating along a multi-core fiber in an optical fiber transmission channel according to two or more cores is provided. The decoder is implemented in an optical receiver. The optical signals are encoded using a space-time coding scheme and/or scrambled by at least one scrambling device arranged in the optical fiber transmission channel according to a predefined scrambling function. The decoder comprises a processing unit configured to adaptively: determine, in response to a temporal condition, one or more channel quality indicators from the optical signals; determine a decoding algorithm according to a target quality of service metric and on the one or more channel quality indicators; update the predefined scrambling function and/or the space-time coding scheme depending on the target quality of service metric and on the one or more channel quality indicators. The decoder further comprises a symbol estimation unit configured to determine an estimate of a vector of information symbols by applying the decoding algorithm to the optical signals.

A satisfactory list detection (LD) receiver based on spatial modulation (SM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform is provided. In some embodiments, the LD receiver can implement a suboptimal LD detection process that relies on a reduced search space an optimal joint ML detection-based process for the SM-OFDM transmission mode. In some aspects, the overall search space for the optimal joint ML is determined by the total spectral efficiency, which can be divided into two information categories with two different search spaces defined by the number of bits of each category. As such, in some aspects, the LD receiver can permit detecting, with reduced complexity, antenna bits and data bits based on a determination of respective log-likelihood ratios.

Embodiments of this application disclose communication methods and apparatuses related to the field of communication technologies. One method comprises: obtaining, by a first device, first indication information; and sending, by the first device, the first indication information and first data to a second device, wherein the first indication information comprises first information indicating the second device to feed back hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information for the first data based on information about a distance or a signal quality.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a user equipment (UE) having active device components and passive device components. Responsive to receiving downlink (DL) transmissions in time division duplexing (TDD) mode, the active device components perform DL decoding while the passive device components perform passive transmission of ACK/NACK data. Such passive transmission may involve encoding the ACK/NACK data in an altered version of received radio frequency (RF) signals and using so-called backscatter communications to reflect the received RF signals, with alteration, using the same frequency resources used to receive the DL transmissions.

The present invention relates to a transmission and receiving method and apparatus using a dynamically determined Inter-Frame Space (IFS) in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for processing a received frame by a Station (STA) in a WLAN may include receiving a first frame including downlink data for a plurality of STAs, if the received first frame has no error, transmitting a second frame including an ACKnowledgement (ACK) of the STA simultaneously with ACKs of one or more other STAs, and if the received first frame has an error, performing carrier sensing using a variably determined IFS.

According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: determining, by a terminal device of a wireless communication system, one or more distribution measures, wherein distribution comprises one or more of a signal distribution, an interference distribution, mutual information distribution, block error probability distribution or a signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio distribution; producing, by the terminal device, a measurement report that comprises the one or more distribution measures; and transmitting, by the terminal device, the measurement report to an access node of the wireless communication system.

Aspects of the present disclosure provide adaptive radio link monitoring for machine type communication(s) (MTC), enhanced MTC (eMTC), and/or narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT). In one aspect, a method is provided which may be performed by a user equipment (UE). The method generally includes receiving a first configuration of parameters for receiving downlink control channel signaling, the first configuration of parameters associated with a first coverage level; measuring at least one parameter related to channel conditions; determining one or more dynamic radio link monitoring (RLM) threshold values for the at least one parameter based, at least in part, on the first configuration of parameters; and performing RLM functions based on the one or more dynamic RLM threshold values. The threshold may comprise early out thresholds that occur before out-of-sync (OOS) or in-sync thresholds. The thresholds may be determined using lookup tables.