The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for a base station transmitting a downlink signal for a machine-type communication (MTC) terminal. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for transmitting and receiving PBCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PDCCH or EPDCCH for a low cost and enhanced coverage MTC terminal, and an apparatus therefor. Particularly, provided are an apparatus and a method for a base station transmitting a control channel, the method comprising the steps of repeatedly transmitting a control channel comprising control information, and repeatedly transmitting downlink data channel (PDSCH) on the basis of information for a subframe ending the control channel being repeatedly transmitted.

The disclosure discloses a method for transmitting uplink control information. The method includes: receiving, by a user equipment, a carrier activation command or a carrier deactivation command in a downlink subframe n; updating a first downlink activated carrier set according to the received carrier activation command or the carrier deactivation command into a second downlink activated carrier set; taking the second downlink activated carrier set as a current downlink activated carrier set corresponding to a first uplink subframe which belongs to a subframe set of an uplink subframe n+k and uplink subframe(s) after the uplink subframe n+k; sorting X piece(s) of Uplink Control Information (UCI) corresponding to X downlink carrier(s) according to a sorting rule, and transmitting the sorted X pieces of UCI to a base station in the first uplink subframe.

The present invention relates to a method of performing a Random Access (RA) procedure by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system. Especially, the method includes the steps of generating a data unit; transmitting a first MsgA and a second MsgA to a network, wherein the first MsgA includes a first RA preamble and the data unit, and wherein the second MsgA includes a second RA preamble and the data unit; starting a first window for monitoring a first MsgB for the first MsgA and a second window for monitoring a second MsgB for the second MsgA; and monitoring the first MsgB until the first window expires and a second MsgB until the second window expires, wherein, when one of the first MsgB and the second MsgB is detected and when the detected MsgB includes successRAR, both the first and second windows are stopped.

According to one aspect of the disclosure, in a communication apparatus at a transmission end, a packet train that is input is grouped to generate a duplicate packet for each packet group. For each packet group, encoded packets are generated using some packets in a group of duplication source packets and other packets in a group of duplicate packets that do not correspond to the some packets in the group of duplication source packets, and above-described other packets in the duplication source, some packets in the group of duplicate packets that are not used to generate the encoded packets, and the above-described encoded packets are transmitted. On the other hand, in a second communication apparatus at a reception end, the some packets in the group of duplication source packets and the other packets in the group of duplicate packets are decoded based on, among the received packets described above, either the other packets in the group of duplication source packets or the above-described some packets in the group of duplicate packets, and the encoded packets, and when some packets of the packet group are lost in a network, the above-described lost packets are restored by the above-described decoded packets.

Identifying, by a sender and for each frame i of a plurality of frames of a video stream, a partition of a set of video data symbols D[i] into a first set of video data symbols U[i] and a second set of video data symbols V[i]. Generating, by the sender and for each frame i, a set of one or more streaming forward error correction (FEC) code parity symbols P[i] based on the symbols: V[i−τ] through V[i−1], U[i−τ], and the symbols D[i], wherein τ is a function of a maximum tolerable latency of the video stream expressed as a whole number of frames. Encoding, by the sender and for each frame i, packets carrying the symbols D[i], and P[i]. Transmitting, by the sender, each frame i of encoded packets in frame order to one or more receivers.

A faulted 5G/6G message may be recovered by finding the faulted message elements and altering them until the fault is corrected. Disclosed are methods to evaluate the modulation quality of each message element using multiple criteria. The receiver can determine a first quality by measuring the overall (sum-signal) amplitude and phase of each message element, and comparing to the predetermined amplitude and phase levels. The receiver can determine a second quality by separating the overall wave into orthogonal components (branches) and comparing the branch amplitudes to the predetermined levels. The receiver can determine a third quality according to the SNR of the overall signal and the two branch signals. By combining the first, second, and third quality factors, the receiver can identify the most likely faulted message elements. The receiver can then alter the worst message elements in a nested grid search to find the correct message version.

A system, apparatus, and method are provided for performing fast re-training of fully fused neural networks configured to implement at least a portion of a transceiver. At least one of a demapping module, an equalization module, or a channel estimation module can be implemented, at least in part, using a fully fused neural network. The neural network can be trained online during operation by acquiring training data sets using a number of received frames of data. Re-training of the neural network is performed periodically to adapt the neural network to changing channel characteristics. In various embodiments, a neural demapper, a neural channel estimator, and a neural receiver are disclosed to replace or augment one or more components of the transceiver. In another embodiment, an auto-encoder can be implemented across a transmitter and receiver to replace most of the components of the transceiver, the auto-encoder being trained via an end-to-end learning algorithm.

Methods and apparatus are provided for controlling wireless signal transmissions, wherein problematic symbol patterns are relocated to an erasure region of a data packet prior to erasure encoding and transmission. Relocating the problematic symbol patterns is done so that, when the resulting erasure codeword is punctured and transmitted, the problematic patterns are not transmitted. Yet, those patterns can be restored by the decoder at the receiving device using an erasure decoder in accordance with erasure decoding techniques, e.g., punctured low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding techniques. In this manner, problematic symbol patterns that may be corrupting during transmission due to noise are removed (punctured) prior to transmission, then restored by the decoder during decoding.

Disclosed is a network-based hyperdimensional system having an encoder configured to receive input data and encode the input data using hyperdimensional computing to generate a hypervector having encoded data bits that represent the input data. The network-based hyperdimensional system further includes a decoder configured to receive the encoded data bits, decode the encoded data bits, and reconstruct the input data from the decoded data bits. In some embodiments, the encoder is configured for direct hyperdimensional learning on transmitted data with no need for data decoding by the decoder.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for applying non-linearity to digital subcarriers. A receiver includes a detector circuit operable to receive a first optical signal over an optical link, the first optical signal carrying first data. The receiver includes a carrier recovery estimation circuit operable to generate compensated data by correcting errors in the first data. The receiver includes a non-linear coefficient estimation circuit operable to (i) receive the compensated data, and (ii) estimate one or more non-linear coefficients, wherein information indicative of the estimated non-linear coefficients is transmitted over an optical network, such that a second optical signal is transmitted based, at least in part, on the estimated non-linear coefficients, the second optical signal being received by the receiver.