This disclosure relates to encoding and decoding methods and apparatuses. The method may include encoding an i.sup.th signal frame, to obtain an encoded result of the i.sup.th signal frame. The method may further include performing forward error correction encoding on first n signal frames, to obtain forward error correction encoded results corresponding to the first n signal frames. The first n signal frames may be signal frames located before the i.sup.th signal frame. The method may further include synthesizing the encoded result of the i.sup.th signal frame and the forward error correction encoded results corresponding to the first n signal frames, to obtain an i.sup.th encoded frame corresponding to the i.sup.th signal frame. The i.sup.th encoded frame may comprise a flag bit, the flag bit may be for indicating a number n, and n may be a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.

An example method may include obtaining multiple symbols each associated with a different state in a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme used for transmission of a data signal. The method may further include determining a sequence of symbols of the multiple symbols for a first portion of the data signal. The determining may include selecting an index value from multiple index values for the first portion of the data signal. The determining may also include obtaining energy states of multiple sequences of the symbols using the energy levels of the symbols. The determining may further include obtaining a relationship between the energy levels of the symbols, the energy states of the multiple sequences of the symbols, and the multiple index values. The determining may further include selecting the sequence of symbols based on the relationship and the index value for the first portion of the data signal.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. In some examples, a reduced capability user equipment (UE) may receive signaling indicating a set of repetition levels for receiving control information from a base station and a blind detection threshold for decoding the control information. Upon receiving the signaling, the reduced capability UE may monitor a control channel candidate for the control information based on the set of repetition levels. Once the reduced capability UE detects the control information from the monitoring, the reduced capability UE may perform at least one blind detection on the control channel candidate based on the set of repetition levels and the blind detection threshold and receive the control information from the base station.

A communication system is described in which system information is transmitted to communication devices, by a communication apparatus of the system, in system information blocks, in accordance with a system information block transmission scheme. The communication apparatus configures at least one system information block to include control information indicating how the system information blocks will be transmitted.

A transmitter and receiver of a broadcasting signal and a method of processing the broadcasting signal are provided. The transmitter includes: a segmenter configured to segment an L1 signaling of a frame into a plurality of segmented L1 signalings such that each of the segmented L1 signalings has bits a number of which is equal to or smaller than a predetermined number; and an encoder configured to perform a Bose, Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem (BCH) and a low density parity check (LDPC) encoding, or the LDPC encoding without the BCH encoding, with respect to the segmented L1 signalings.

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for a base station transmitting a downlink signal for a machine-type communication (MTC) terminal. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for transmitting and receiving PBCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PDCCH or EPDCCH for a low cost and enhanced coverage MTC terminal, and an apparatus therefor. Particularly, provided are an apparatus and a method for a base station transmitting a control channel, the method comprising the steps of repeatedly transmitting a control channel comprising control information, and repeatedly transmitting downlink data channel (PDSCH) on the basis of information for a subframe ending the control channel being repeatedly transmitted.

Embodiments of the application provide a method for rate matching in a wireless communication network. A device obtains K information bits and a target code length M of a polar code, determines, according to a minimum value of a set of values, a mother code length N.sub.1, polar encodes the K information bits to obtain an encoded sequence of N.sub.1 bits, obtains a target sequence of M bits from the N.sub.1 bit encoded sequence, and outputs the M-bit target sequence. When the mother code length N.sub.1 is larger than the target code length M, (N.sub.1−M) bits of the encoded sequence are punctured or shortened from the N.sub.1 bit encoded sequence.

A method of operating a first communication node includes receiving a communication at the first communication node from a second communication node, wherein the communication includes information bits in a plurality of information bit positions, determining, by the first communication node, a subset of the information bit positions of the communication that are punctured wherein the determining is performed based on detected or decoded control information, and responsive to determining the subset, reducing, by the first communication node, magnitudes of information bits in the subset of the information bit positions that are punctured.

Embodiments of this application disclose an encoding method and a related device. The method includes: receiving a to-be-encoded code block whose length is L, where L is a positive integer; and encoding the to-be-encoded code block to obtain a forward error correction FEC code, where a valid information length K of the FEC code is an integer multiple of a largest prime factor of L, and a total length N of the FEC code is a sum of K and a product of 2 and an error correction capability T of the FEC code. According to the embodiments of this application, it can be ensured that an FEC codeword satisfies a requirement for a low latency and a high gain.

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of medical devices and medical device accessories. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a tool or accessory for cleaning a medical device. For example, the tool or accessory may clean a fluid delivery lumen of an endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) knife. The tool or accessory may include a housing with a first portion of an elongate member secured within a first portion of the housing and a second portion of the elongate member extending into a chamber of the housing.