This application discloses a transmission method, a transmission apparatus, and a communications device. The transmission method includes: performing polar encoding on a bit sequence, to obtain an encoded sequence, where the bit sequence includes control information and a cyclic redundancy check CRC sequence; fragmenting the encoded sequence, to obtain n encoded subsequences, where n is an integer, and n>0; and scrambling the n encoded subsequences by using n scrambling sequences respectively, to obtain n scrambled sequences. In the transmission method, the n scrambling sequences are newly defined based on encoding and decoding features of a polar code, and the n scrambling sequences additionally carry log.sub.2n-bit information. According to the foregoing encoding method, signaling overheads are reduced.

Data can be sent from a sender to a receiver with reliability of transmission encoding data blocks into packets each having a packet header and a packet payload, a block size, a global packet sequence number that uniquely identifies the packet relative to other packets of the data, a block identifier of the data block, and an encoding identifier. The sender determines from feedback from the receiver whether packets are lost and sends repair packets as needed.

Beacon-based Precision Navigation and Timing (PNT) may use a constellation of space vehicles (e.g., small, low cost satellites) coupled to a network of ground stations and a network of beacons. Such a system be provided at a cost that is approximately 100 times lower than GPS both to build and to operate. The resulting system may also provide fast acquisition, improved SNR, improved anti-jam and anti-spoofing capabilities, and six-inch scale location determination, making it applicable to both existing PNT applications and enabling new applications.

A system for transmission of quantum information for quantum error correction includes an ancilla qubit chip including a plurality of ancilla qubits, and a data qubit chip spaced apart from the ancilla qubit chip, the data qubit chip including a plurality of data qubits. The system includes an interposer coupled to the ancilla qubit chip and the data qubit chip, the interposer including a dielectric material and a plurality of superconducting structures formed in the dielectric material. The superconducting structures enable transmission of quantum information between the plurality of data qubits on the data qubit chip and the plurality of ancilla qubits on the ancilla qubit chip via virtual photons for quantum error correction.

In a method for generating a physical layer (PHY) data unit for transmission via a communication channel, information bits to be included in the PHY data unit are received. A number of padding bits are added to the information bits. The number of padding bits is determined based on respective virtual values of each of one or more encoding parameters. The information bits are parsed to a number of encoders and are encoded, using the number of encoders, to generate coded bits. The coded bits are padded such that padded coded bits correspond to respective true values of each of the one or more encoding parameters. The PHY data unit is generated to include the padded coded bits.

A communication unit of the present disclosure includes a decoding section configured to decode transfer data transmitted from a communicated unit, by a first method using a first error detecting code, and a second method using at least an error correcting code, and a determination section that performs determination as to whether the transfer data are data in the first method including the first error detecting code or data in the second method including the error correcting code.

This application discloses a multi-codeword transmission method and an apparatus. The method includes: generating, by a network device, downlink control information corresponding to each of a plurality of code words to be sent to a terminal device, where the downlink control information corresponding to each code word includes at least one of the following: a physical downlink shared channel resource element mapping and quasi-co-location indicator, and an antenna port(s), scrambling identity and number of layers; and sending, by the network device, downlink control information corresponding to the plurality of code words to the terminal device. Corresponding apparatuses are further disclosed. According to the technical solutions of this application, the network device generates the downlink control information corresponding to each of the plurality of code words to be sent to the terminal device, and the terminal device may demodulate data for the plurality of code words based on downlink control information corresponding to the plurality of code words. This ensures that the terminal device correctly demodulates data in a multi-codeword transmission scenario.

According to various implementation, a wireless communication device applies a repetition code to a data stream; randomizes the data stream; multiplies the data stream by a random sequence; and transmits the data stream after the aforementioned signal processing as a wireless signal.

An apparatus includes a processor configured to determine a set of first lanes associated with a PON, select a subset of second lanes from the set, and perform lane bonding by bonding the subset to an ONU. A transmitter coupled to the processor is configured to transmit a lane bonding assignment to the ONU. An ONU includes a plurality of receivers configured to receive a first message comprising an announcement indicating an OLT lane capability. A processor coupled to the receivers is configured to process the first message and generate a second message in response to the first message, wherein the second message comprises a report indicating an ONU lane capability and prompting lane bonding in a PON. A plurality of transmitters coupled to the processor is configured to transmit the second message to the OLT.

Disclosed are a polar code encoding method and device and a polar code decoding method and device. The polar code encoding method comprises: reading a known first sequence; and for an information sequence to be encoded, combining the information sequence with the first sequence, and performing polar code encoding on the combined sequence. In the polar code encoding method provided by embodiments of the present disclosure, a known first sequence is read and polar code encoding is performed on an information sequence and the first sequence. Thus, polar code encoding on the information sequence to be encoded is implemented, and a new polar code encoding solution is provided.