An example particle therapy system includes: a particle accelerator to output a beam of charged particles; and a scanning system to scan the beam across at least part of an irradiation target. An example scanning system includes: a scanning magnet to move the beam during scanning; and a control system (i) to control the scanning magnet to produce uninterrupted movement of the beam over at least part of a depth-wise layer of the irradiation target so as to deliver doses of charged particles to the irradiation target; and (ii) to determine, in synchronism with delivery of a dose, information identifying the dose actually delivered at different positions along the depth-wise layer.

An example method of treating a target using particle beam includes directing the particle beam along a path at least part-way through the target, and controlling an energy of the particle beam while the particle beam is directed along the path so that the particle beam treats at least interior portions of the target that are located along the path. While the particle beam is directed along the path, the particle beam delivers a dose of radiation to the target that exceeds one (1) Gray-per-second for a duration of less than five (5) seconds. A treatment plan may be generated to perform the method.

A method of calibration in a radiation delivery system. The method including acquiring, using a camera, an image of a radiation beam incident on a phantom, wherein the radiation beam being emitted by a radiation source of the radiation delivery system and the phantom comprising an X-ray luminescent material. The method further including determining a beam pointing offset based on the image. The method further including calibrating a position of the radiation source of the radiation delivery system based on the beam pointing offset and a relative position of the camera with respect to a beam axis of the radiation beam.

An example particle therapy system includes a particle accelerator to output a particle beam having a spot size; a scanning system for the particle accelerator to scan the particle beam in two dimensions across at least part of a treatment area of an irradiation target; and an adaptive aperture between the scanning system and the irradiation target. The adaptive aperture includes structures that are movable relative to the irradiation target to approximate a shape to trim part of the treatment area. The part of the treatment area has a size that is based on an area of the spot size.

System and methods may be used for arc fluence optimization without iteration to arc sequence generation. A method may include defining a particle arc range for a radiotherapy treatment of a patient, and generating an arc sequence, including a set of parameters for delivering the radiotherapy treatment, without requiring a dose calculation. The method may include optimizing fluence of the arc sequence for the radiotherapy treatment without iterating back to arc sequence generation, and outputting the fluence optimized arc sequence for use in the radiotherapy treatment.

Radiation treatment planning includes determining a number of beams to be directed into a target, determining directions (e.g., gantry angles) for the beams, and determining an energy level for each of the beams. The number of beams, the directions of the beams, and the energy levels are determined such that the beams do not overlap outside the target and the prescribed dose will be delivered across the entire target.

A radiotherapy system includes an X-ray target configured to convert an incident electron beam into a therapeutic X-ray beam, a purging magnet configured to redirect unwanted particles emitted from the X-ray target away from the therapeutic X-ray beam, and a particle collector configured to absorb the unwanted particles subsequent to redirection by the purging magnet. The particle collector may be configured to dissipate at least 50% of the energy of the incident electron beam.

The invention comprises a segmented rolling floor apparatus and method of use thereof, such as for use in a charged particle cancer therapy system. The segmented rolling floor comprises a first spool and a second spool, attached to opposite ends of the rolling floor, which cooperatively wind and unwind the rolling floor. The segmented rolling floor circumferentially surrounds a nozzle system penetrating through an aperture in the segmented rolling floor, where the nozzle system is used to deliver charged particles, from an accelerator, to a tumor of a patient. The rolling floor and nozzle systems move at respective rates maintaining the nozzle system in the aperture allowing for a safe/walkable floor while allowing treatment of the tumor as a gantry rotates the nozzle system and delivers protons to the tumor from positions above and below the floor.

A phantom is described. The phantom having a spherical phantom body and an X-ray luminescent material, wherein at least a portion of the X-ray luminescent material is on a surface of the phantom.

Techniques are presented for optimizing a treatment plan for charged particle therapy. The method includes obtaining medical image data voxels inside a subject in a reference frame of a radiation source that emits a beam of charged particles at multiple tracks with a controlled emitted energy at each track. Hydrogen density (HD) is determined based on the medical image data. Stopping power ratio (SPR) along a first beam having a first track and first emitted energy is calculated based on HD. A range to a Bragg peak is calculated along the first beam based on the SPR and the first emitted energy. The first beam track or the first emitted energy, or both, is modified based at least in part on the beam range to determine a second track and second emitted energy. Output data that indicates the second track and second emitted energy are sent.