Message faults are an increasing problem for 5G and expected 6G networks, due to growth, crowding, and signal fading problems. Disclosed are procedures for determining which particular message element of a corrupted message is faulted, and optionally the most likely correction. A receiver can identify the faulted message element by measuring the fluctuations, in phase and amplitude, of the waveform of each message element, as well as the modulation quality, frequency offset, and other signal measurements. Faulted message elements are likely to have higher fluctuations, higher modulation deviations, and higher signal irregularities, than the unfaulted ones. Mitigation can then be applied to the faulted message elements, thereby recovering the correct message and avoiding a costly retransmission delay. AI models may enhance the fault detection sensitivity by exploiting correlations between the various waveform measurement parameters, and then may predict the corrected value of the faulted message elements.

A major goal of 5G and especially 6G is reliable, low-latency communication. Unfortunately, higher density networks result in increasing interference, and higher frequency bands inevitably have signal fading problems, leading to frequency message faults. To restore high-speed, high-reliability messaging, methods are disclosed for evaluating the signal quality of each message element of a received message so that any faulting can be localized to the message elements with the lowest signal quality. Numerous contributions to signal quality are disclosed, including modulation, amplitude and phase stability, polarization and inter-symbol irregularities, expected message format and meaning, and common or unexpected bit sequences. Many further aspects are included.

In current practice, faulted messages are typically discarded and a retransmission is requested. Forward error-correction codes (FEC) in 5G and 6G are bulky, resource-expensive, and often unable to resolve the problem. Disclosed are systems and methods for determining which specific message elements are faulted, so that just the faulted portion can be retransmitted, instead of the entire message. For example, the amplitudes of the I and Q branches, of each message element, can be compared to the calibrated amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. Any message element with a large amplitude deviation is suspect. Other factors, such as the SNR, can also be considered in evaluating the validity of each message element. Usually, all of the faulted message elements occupy just a portion of the message. Compact formats are disclosed specifying which portion of the message is to be retransmitted, thereby saving time, power, and background generation.

An improved way is disclosed for recovering a message by merging two corrupted copies of the message in 5G or 6G. Message faults, from noise or interference, distort the modulation of one or more message elements. In a modulation scheme of amplitude-modulated quadrature (I and Q) signals, noise can change the amplitude values, which results in demodulation faults. Often the reception is so poor that a retransmission of the message is also faulted. Nevertheless, the receiver can recover the correct message by measuring a modulation quality of each message element, and assembling a merged message from the best-quality message elements of the two copies. The modulation quality depends on the message element's amplitude versus the calibrated amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. By selecting the individual message elements from the two faulted copies, based on the modulation quality, users can obtain better reception at longer distances while expending less power.

An improved way is disclosed for recovering a message by merging two corrupted copies of the message in 5G or 6G. Message faults, from noise or interference, distort the modulation of one or more message elements. In a modulation scheme of amplitude-modulated quadrature (I and Q) signals, noise can change the amplitude values, which results in demodulation faults. Often the reception is so poor that a retransmission of the message is also faulted. Nevertheless, the receiver can recover the correct message by measuring a modulation quality of each message element, and assembling a merged message from the best-quality message elements of the two copies. The modulation quality depends on the message element's amplitude versus the calibrated amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. By selecting the individual message elements from the two faulted copies, based on the modulation quality, users can obtain better reception at longer distances while expending less power.

Disclosed are systems and methods to determine which specific message elements, of a 5G or 6G message, are faulted. By comparing the amplitude or phase modulation of each message element to a predetermined modulation level, and comparing the difference to a threshold, the faulted message elements can be identified and, potentially, corrected. For example, the modulation scheme may provide two superposed orthogonal signals, thereby providing two amplitude-modulated signals per message element, and a modulation quality can be derived according to the differences between those two amplitudes and the closest predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. The SNR or SINR of each message element can also be measured and included in the modulation quality determination. Artificial intelligence may enable improved or faster determination of the faulted message elements by including additional input factors. The receiver may then mitigate the message by altering just the faulted message elements, saving re-transmission costs.

Disclosed are systems and methods to determine which specific message elements, of a 5G or 6G message, are faulted. By comparing the amplitude or phase modulation of each message element to a predetermined modulation level, and comparing the difference to a threshold, the faulted message elements can be identified and, potentially, corrected. For example, the modulation scheme may provide two superposed orthogonal signals, thereby providing two amplitude-modulated signals per message element, and a modulation quality can be derived according to the differences between those two amplitudes and the closest predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. The SNR or SINR of each message element can also be measured and included in the modulation quality determination. Artificial intelligence may enable improved or faster determination of the faulted message elements by including additional input factors. The receiver may then mitigate the message by altering just the faulted message elements, saving re-transmission costs.

Faulted messages in 5G or 6G are generally discarded and a retransmission is then requested. However, the faulted message contains valuable information despite the few faulted message elements. Retransmission is a time-consuming energy-intensive process. Therefore, the present disclosure pertains to procedures for determining which specific message elements, of a corrupted message, are actually faulted. To do so, the receiver can determine a modulation quality of each message element by measuring a difference between the amplitude levels of the message element and the predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. For example, the modulation scheme may involve an I-branch and an orthogonal Q-branch, each with a different amplitude. The message quality may be related to the deviation of each branch amplitude from the closest predetermined amplitude level of the modulation scheme. A large amplitude deviation indicates a suspicious message element. Many other aspects are also disclosed.

A method for transmitting feedback information, a terminal device, and a network device are provided. The method includes: a terminal device determines a target feedback mode used for transmitting feedback information, wherein the feedback information is feedback information for a transport block (TB) sent by a network device and received by the terminal device; and the terminal device uses the target feedback mode to transmit the feedback information.

According to various examples, a communication device is described comprising a memory configured to store data received in one or more first transmissions of a transmission process according to a retransmission protocol, a receiver configured to receive a second transmission of data of the transmission process, a combiner configured to combine the data received in the second transmission with the data stored in the memory, a determiner configured to determine whether the second transmission was interfered by a communication resource deallocation and a controller configured to maintain data storage of the received data of the transmission process stored in the memory as received data of the transmission process if the second transmission was interfered by a communication resource deallocation.