Systems, methods and apparatus are described that facilitate transmission of data between two devices within an electronic apparatus. A data transfer method includes receiving from a three-wire interface, a first packet of data encoded in a first sequence of symbols representing transitions in signaling state of the three wires, and transmitting on the three-wire interface, a second packet of data encoded in a second sequence of symbols representing transitions in signaling state of the three wires. The first sequence of symbols may include up to five types of symbol. The second sequence of symbols may include two or three types of symbol.

An apparatus for analyzing one or several radio systems is provided, having: one or several radio-frequency units for generating one or several baseband signals from one or several radio signals, a spectral analysis module for performing spectral analysis, wherein one of the baseband signals is transformed to a time-frequency domain in order to obtain a spectrogram in the time-frequency domain, one or several demodulators for generating several demodulated radio packets of the one or several radio systems from the one or several baseband signals, the demodulators providing additional information for the demodulated radio packets, a spectrogram analyzer for detecting radio packets found in the spectrogram in the time-frequency domain and for establishing one or several characteristics for each radio packet found based on the spectrogram in the time-frequency domain, and a synchronization module configured to determine one or several pairs, wherein each pair has precisely one demodulated radio packet of the demodulated radio packets, having the one or several characteristics of precisely one radio packet found of the radio packets found.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described that provide time synchronization via wireless communications for devices that use strict timing synchronization. A user equipment (UE) may obtain time synchronization via a wireless connection between the UE and a timing source that may be associated with a base station (or another wireless device). In some cases, the timing source may be synchronized at the UE by determining, using periodic synchronization resources, a propagation delay between the UE and the base station that is based on a timing of a line-of-sight instance of a transmission between the base station and the UE. The propagation delay may be used to determine a timing advance value for use in timing synchronization. One or more devices may be coupled with the UE and the UE may provide commands to the one or more devices that are synchronized according to the synchronized timing source.

For synchronizing user devices to the base station of a 5G or 6G network, the base station can transmit brief prepared signals at a pre-scheduled time and frequency. All of the user devices in the network can then synchronize simultaneously, using amplitude measurements with standard signal processing. The user devices can thereby avoid the complex and time-consuming measurements of prior art. This simplified synchronization procedure may be especially relevant for reduced-capability IoT devices. Examples are provided in which each user device can measure a ratio of amplitudes or energy values in sequential symbol-times as determined by the local user device clock, and compare to the expected ratio as determined by the base station clock. Any deviation in the ratio indicates a timing offset, which the user devices can then use to precisely synchronize the local clock.

Current methods for synchronizing user devices with the base station of a 5G/6G network require multiple exchanges with each user device, consuming limited resources. Disclosed herein are systems and methods for generating and then detecting precision-timing timestamp points. Importantly, the timestamp points can be used by all of the user devices simultaneously, instead of just one at a time. In a first embodiment, the timestamp includes three resource elements with a first modulation (amplitude or phase) in the first and third resource elements, and a different modulation in the middle one. In a second embodiment, the base station transmits a first signal in the first half of a single resource element, and a different signal modulation in the second half. In either case, the user devices can receive the signal, determine the time of interface between the modulation states, and thereby determine the symbol boundaries according to the base station.

A base station can cause a multitude of user devices in a network to be synchronized with the base station's clock using an ultra-lean low-complexity procedure in 5G or 6G. On a predetermined interval, the base station can transmit a timing signal in the guard-space of a predetermined resource element. The timing signal is a 180-degree phase reversal of the cyclic prefix centered in the guard-space. Each user device can receive the timing signal, determine how far the received timestamp point is from the middle of the guard-space (as viewed by the user device), and thereby determine a timing error between the user device clock and the base station clock, and correct the user device clock accordingly. In addition, the user device can average the timing adjustments over a number of instances, thereby determining a frequency offset if the average differs significantly from zero, and thereby adjust the clock frequency.

A method of synchronising a communication signal entering into a receiver. Each frame of the signal includes a learning symbol formed of N repetitions of a learning sequence. The method includes the determination of a total correlation signal by correlating the input signal with a correlation symbol formed of N repetitions of a correlation sequence corresponding to all or part of the learning sequence and duration t.sub.sc, and the determination of a partial correlation signal by correlating the input signal with the correlation sequence. A peak of the total correlation signal is identified at an instant t.sub.pct. At least one threshold is defined from the power of the peak of the total correlation signal, and the power of the partial correlation signal is compared here to the instants t.sub.pctk*t.sub.sc, with k a whole number between 0 and N1.

In busy 5G and 6G networks, precise timing and synchronization are key to maintaining throughput with low fault rates. Disclosed are systems and methods for adjusting each user device's clock for proper reception, including downlink propagation delays, uplink propagation delays, round-trip propagation delays, and Doppler shifts, individually for each user device, and including any uplink/downlink asymmetries. The clock adjustment and timing advance of each user device is based on a predetermined transmission schedule for timing signals, broadcast by the base station. The Doppler shift is measured by the base station, according to uplink timing signals, and communicated to the user device in a single final timing signal. The single final timing signal is either frequency-shifted by the measured Doppler shift, or delayed proportional to the Doppler shift, either of which indicates, to the user device, how to apply the correct timing to future uplink messages.

Timing recovery systems and methods can include receiving a signal with Nyquist shaped pulses, sampling the signal using an analog-to-digital converter at a sampling rate, generating a plurality of delayed sampled signals from the received pulses, resampling each delayed sampled signal to 1 sample per symbol, taking the absolute value of each resampled signal, raising the absolute value of each resampled signal to the fourth power, taking the mean of the fourth power of the absolute value of each resampled signal, feeding all of the mean values into a phase estimator, and using the output from the phase estimator for timing correction. The output from the phase estimator can either be fed back to the analog-to-digital converter, or to an interpolation stage that adjusts sampling instants of the sampled signals output from the analog-to-digital converter, to correct the timing.

A system and method for cell synchronization suitable for a wireless signal including substantially identical synchronization signals that repeat in predetermined time intervals, the synchronization signals including a plurality of substantially identical symbols. For a plurality of candidate synchronization points: dividing the wireless signal into a plurality of signal segments, each equal or longer than the time interval, and each including a plurality of sub-segments having substantially same length as the symbol; performing symbol-length cross-correlations between an expected symbol and the sub-segments; performing segmented symbol-wise correlations between the cross-correlation results; calculating a cost function based on the results of the symbol-wise correlations; accumulating the cost functions across a plurality of signal segments; and selecting a coarse synchronization point from the plurality of candidate synchronization points based on the accumulated cost function; Estimating synchronization parameters e.g. time and frequency offset based on the selected synchronization point.