Technologies are generally described for systems, devices and methods effective to compare network element instructions and network control instructions. In some examples, first instructions may be identified and may be related to flow of network traffic. The first instructions may be stored in a data structure of a memory of a network element. The network element may generate a first network instruction signature based on the first instructions. A network controller device may identify second instructions. In some examples, the second instructions may be related to control of the network traffic, and may be stored in a memory of the network controller device. The network controller device may generate a second network instruction signature based on the second instructions. The network controller device may compare the first network instruction signature to the second network instruction signature to produce a comparison between the first instructions and the second instructions.

An electronic device in a device-to-device network of a user of the electronic device communicates with a group of one or more other instances of the electronic via dynamic connections that are based on pre-established and maintained (i.e., long-lived) associations in the device-to-device network. Moreover, a given dynamic connection between the electronic device and a given instance of the electronic device in the group is setup by the electronic device without assistance of a computer in another network, which conveys the communication within the group. During operation, after receiving a response accepting an invitation to a second user of a second instance of the electronic device in the group to join the device-to-device network, the electronic device verifies the second user based on an encryption key associated with the second user; and establishes a new maintained association with the second instance of the electronic device in the device-to-device network.

Method and apparatus for converting sections of registered absolute domain names (pages or paths or sub-domains) into marketable assets within a legal, technological and operational framework enabled through a web-hosted system. Within the framework, owners of well-established, reputable domain names having a particular web structure can offer to share with third-party licensees selected sections of the domain that are otherwise unused by the domain owner. The result is an expanded domain that facilitates a variety of monetizable ownership structures, including geographical regionalization of the domain, while exploiting for the mutual benefit of all the established public reputation and search engine ranking of the shared domain.

Examples relate to scaling persistent connections for cloud computing. In some examples, a data packet is used to determine connection information of the first connection. At this stage, server portion of the first connection is closed by using the connection information to send a close command to the cloud server. In response to a keepalive signal from the client computing device, the connection information is used to send a keepalive response to the client computing device to maintain a client portion of the first connection. In response to a service request from the client computing device, a service notification including the service request is sent to the client computing device, where the client computing device initiates a second connection with the cloud server to process the service request.

A fiber optic-based communications network includes: a power insertion device, connected to multiple fiber links from a data source, configured to provide power insertion to a hybrid fiber/power cable connected to at least one fiber link of the multiple fiber links; the hybrid fiber/power cable, connecting the power insertion device to a connection interface device, configured to transmit data and power from the power insertion device to the connection interface device; and the connection interface device, configured to provide an interface for connection to an end device via a power over Ethernet (PoE)-compatible connection and to provide optical to electrical media conversion for data transmitted from the power insertion device to an end device via the hybrid fiber/power cable and the PoE-compatible connection.

The present invention discloses methods and systems for transmitting broadcast data at a communication gateway. When the communication gateway receives a broadcast packet from a host or node, the communication gateway determines whether the broadcast packet satisfies at least one condition. If the broadcast packet satisfies the at least one condition, it is determined whether or not to modify a time to live (TTL) value. The TTL value of the broadcast packet is modified if it is determined to modify the TTL value. The broadcast packet is then forwarded to the destination address of the broadcast packet based on the TTL value. The destination address is reachable through an interconnected network.

A control server provides access and authorization control by: receiving an access request (including a resource identifier and a recipient device identifier) from a sender device; obtaining sender authorization data identifying a sender account corresponding to the sender device; retrieving an access server identifier corresponding to the resource identifier, and destination authorization data identifying a destination account corresponding to the access server identifier; sending a first authorization request (including the sender and destination authorization data) to an authorization server; receiving and storing a token from the authorization server; receiving an access confirmation message from the recipient device; responsive to the access confirmation message, transmitting a second authorization request (including the token) to the authorization server; and responsive to an authorization confirmation message from the authorization server, sending an access instruction (including the resource identifier and delivery data for the recipient client device) to the access server, for delivering the resource.

The proposed technology relates to methods and radio network nodes for Explicit Congestion Notification, ECN, marking of user traffic in wireless communication networks. For example, a method performed by a sending radio network node (10) comprises the step of monitoring (S10) a congestion metric on a data radio bearer, and the step of transmitting (S20) control information indicating traffic congestion on the same data radio bearer, based on the monitored congestion metric, to a receiving radio network node (20).Further, a method performed by a receiving radio network node (20) comprises the step of receiving (S100) control information indicating traffic congestion on a data radio bearer, based on a congestion metric, from a sending radio network node (10), and the step of marking (S200) next ECN-capable user packet of the user traffic on the same data radio bearer with ECN marking, based on the received control information.

A network system, method, and device are provided for improving network communication performance between at least a first client site and a second client site, where the first client site and the second client site are at a distance from one another that is such that would usually require long haul network communication. The network system includes at least one network bonding/aggregation computer system for bonding or aggregating one or more diverse network connections so as to configure a bonded/aggregated connection that has increased throughput; and at least one network server component, configured to interoperate with the client site network component, the network server component including a server/concentrator or a cloud concentrator element that is implemented at an access point to an multiple protocol label switching network.

An ONU requests a bandwidth of an uplink signal, and in accordance with this, an OLT calculates a time when the OLT transmits the uplink signal and a transmission duration time and performs an instruction, and a DBA cycle in which the ONU transmits the uplink signal in accordance with the instruction and a dynamic wavelength allocation cycle in which the OLT instructs wavelength switching, and the ONU switches the wavelength and belongs to a different LC are separated. While the ONU switches the wavelength, the DBA cycles can be performed plural times in the ONU whose wavelength is not switched, the switching of the wavelength is confirmed after the wavelength has been switched, and then DBA operation is performed at the switched wavelength.