One embodiment provides a broadband signal source. The broadband signal source includes a number, n, signal paths and a combiner circuitry. Each signal path, i, includes a programmable phase shifter circuitry, an amplifier circuitry and a harmonic generation circuitry. The programmable phase shifter circuitry is configured to phase shift a path input signal by a respective phase angle, θ.sub.i. The path input signal corresponds to a source input signal having a fundamental frequency, f, and an input signal bandwidth. The amplifier circuitry is configured to amplify the phase shifted path input signal. The harmonic generation circuitry is configured to generate a path output signal including a plurality of harmonics of the amplified phase shifted path input signal. The combiner circuitry is configured to combine the number, n, path output signals to produce a broadband output signal having an output signal center frequency greater than the input signal fundamental frequency and an output signal bandwidth greater than the input signal bandwidth.

A pulse shaping circuit is configured to shape a waveform of an edge of a signal applied to a switch of a power amplifier included in an on-off keying transmitter.

A pulse shaping circuit is configured to shape a waveform of an edge of a signal applied to a switch of a power amplifier included in an on-off keying transmitter.

A system to implement a communication line coding scheme using a non-complex bit-to-symbol mapping, a forward error correction (FEC) coding, and an additive bit scrambler after the FEC at the PHY layer is provided. The system may be a part of or implemented by an automobile component. The system may be a PHY device configured to convert data from the MAC layer into 2D-PAM3 symbols that are transmitted across a communication link at a predetermined transmission rate, such as to be compliant with a communication standard. The PHY device may select characteristics of the conversion, such as the FEC coded symbol, based on the target transmission rate. The PHY device may include a transceiver, and may convert the data from MAC layer to PHY layer and back.

A system to implement a communication line coding scheme using a non-complex bit-to-symbol mapping, a forward error correction (FEC) coding, and an additive bit scrambler after the FEC at the PHY layer is provided. The system may be a part of or implemented by an automobile component. The system may be a PHY device configured to convert data from the MAC layer into 2D-PAM3 symbols that are transmitted across a communication link at a predetermined transmission rate, such as to be compliant with a communication standard. The PHY device may select characteristics of the conversion, such as the FEC coded symbol, based on the target transmission rate. The PHY device may include a transceiver, and may convert the data from MAC layer to PHY layer and back.

Provided are a data transmitting or receiving method and device for dual Transport Blocks (TBs), a transmitter and a receiver. Data to be transmitted is divided into two portions, where transport blocks TB1 and TB2 are generated respectively according to a corresponding predetermined Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) for each portion. The TB1 is modulated into an amplitude weighted complex symbol sequence S1, and the TB2 is modulated into an amplitude weighted complex symbol sequence S2. The S1 and the S2 are superposed to generate a complex symbol sequence S3 corresponding to a new TB, where the complex symbol sequence S3 corresponding to the new TB possesses Gray properties. The new TB is transmitted to a receiver.

A data transmission method and a device are disclosed and relate to the field of communications technologies, so that a channel resource preemption probability of a device can be effectively increased by reducing a CCA interval at which a CCA is performed on a channel resource. The method includes: determining, by a first device, a CCA start moment at which a clear channel assessment CCA is performed; determining, by the first device, a CCA interval, where the CCA interval is a time interval between two adjacent CCAs, and a time interval between any two adjacent CCAs is less than a preconfigured data frame period; performing, by the first device, a CCA process according to the CCA start moment and the CCA interval; and sending, by the first device, data at an end moment of the CCA process. The method and the device are used for data transmission.

A data transmission method and a device are disclosed and relate to the field of communications technologies, so that a channel resource preemption probability of a device can be effectively increased by reducing a CCA interval at which a CCA is performed on a channel resource. The method includes: determining, by a first device, a CCA start moment at which a clear channel assessment CCA is performed; determining, by the first device, a CCA interval, where the CCA interval is a time interval between two adjacent CCAs, and a time interval between any two adjacent CCAs is less than a preconfigured data frame period; performing, by the first device, a CCA process according to the CCA start moment and the CCA interval; and sending, by the first device, data at an end moment of the CCA process. The method and the device are used for data transmission.

An RF system using PR-ASK with orthogonal offset is disclosed. In some embodiments, the system includes a PR-ASK signal generator and an orthogonal offset generator. The PR-ASK signal generator can produce a signal representing a sequence of symbols, for example, RFID symbols. The orthogonal offset generator can shift the PR-ASK signal trajectory away from the origin while maintaining the time domain requirements for an RFID signal, such as waveform edge rise and fall times. In some embodiments stored waveforms incorporating the controlled orthogonal offset are used to synthesize a sequence of symbols. The stored waveforms may also include nonlinear and/or linear predistortion to reduce computational complexity. The waveforms can be represented in Cartesian coordinates for use in a direct conversion transmitter or polar coordinates for use in a polar modulation transmitter. An RFID system can also include a receiver to receive incoming RFID signals.

An apparatus of processing a signal or a biosignal, and a method of processing a signal or a biosignal are provided. The method of processing signal involves receiving a first reference signal having a frequency component of a measurement signal to be applied to a subject, receiving a second reference signal having a frequency component within a frequency bandwidth of an amplifier, and converting a first signal measured from the subject to a second signal within the frequency bandwidth of the amplifier, based on the first reference signal and the second reference signal.