A device that selects a transmission weight by which each of a plurality of signal points is to be multiplied; multiplies a signal corresponding to each of the plurality of signal points by the selected transmission weight; multiplexes the multiplied signals corresponding to each of the plurality of signal points on a same frequency and time resource; and modifies a selection rule corresponding to the transmission weight by which each of the plurality of signal points is to be multiplied.

Provided is a transmission method that improves data reception quality in radio transmission using a single-carrier scheme and/or a multi-carrier scheme. The transmission method includes: generating a plurality of first modulated signals s1(i) and second modulated signals s2(i) from transmission data, the plurality of first modulated signals s1(i) being signals generated using a QPSK modulation scheme, and the plurality of second modulated signals s2(i) being signals generated using 16QAM modulation; generating, from the plurality of first modulated signals s1(i) and the plurality of second modulated signals s2(i), a plurality of first signal-processed signals z1(i) and a plurality of second signal-processed signals z2(i) which satisfy a predetermined equation; and transmitting the plurality of first signal-processed signals z1(i) and the plurality of second signal-processed signals z2(i) using a plurality of antennas. A first signal-processed signal and a second signal-processed signal having identical symbol numbers are simultaneously transmitted at the same frequency.

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for multi-resolution training, for example, in millimeter wave (mmW) WLAN systems. In a Multi-Resolution Beam Refinement Protocol (MR-BRP), an access point (AP)/PBSS control point (PCP) and a station (STA) may perform multi-resolution beamforming training, for example, by changing a sub-beam resolution or by maintaining sub-beam resolution while changing a resolution of the beamforming training between levels or stages of training. Sub-beam resolution may be changed, for example, by assigning different angular spreads to or by downselecting a number of antenna elements while keeping inter-element spacing constant between levels of training. Resolution of beamforming training may be changed, for example, by downsampling sub-beams or by downsampling antenna elements while adjusting inter-element spacing. Beamforming training (e.g. refinement) levels may refine beams by changing a resolution of antenna weight vectors (AWVs). An AP/PCP and STA may search through a sector multiple times with sub-beams of different resolution to identify a correct pair of sub-beams at a desired resolution. MR-BRP may be used for single or multiple beams, for example, to generate M sub-beams (AWVs) for N beams sequentially or in parallel. MR-BRP may be used for beam tracking. Devices may save the best sub-beam at each level of MR-BRP and may revert (fall back) to a sub-beam at previous level. MR-BRP signaling may indicate MR-BRP capability, type, frame format, etc.

Wireless communication wherein channel estimation accuracy is improved while keeping the position of each bit in a frame, even when a modulation system having a large modulation multiple value is used for a data symbol. An encoding operation encodes and outputs transmitting data (bit string) and a bit converting operation converts at least one bit of a plurality of bits constituting a data symbol to be used for channel estimation, among the encoded bit strings, into 1 or 0. A modulating operation modulates the bit string inputted from the bit converting operation by using a single modulation mapper and a plurality of data symbols are generated.

Provided is a transmission method that improves data reception quality in radio transmission using a single-carrier scheme and/or a multi-carrier scheme. The transmission method includes: generating a plurality of first modulated signals s1(i) and second modulated signals s2(i) from transmission data, the plurality of first modulated signals s1(i) being signals generated using a QPSK modulation scheme, and the plurality of second modulated signals s2(i) being signals generated using 16QAM modulation; generating, from the plurality of first modulated signals s1(i) and the plurality of second modulated signals s2(i), a plurality of first signal-processed signals z1(i) and a plurality of second signal-processed signals z2(i) which satisfy a predetermined equation; and transmitting the plurality of first signal-processed signals z1(i) and the plurality of second signal-processed signals z2(i) using a plurality of antennas. A first signal-processed signal and a second signal-processed signal having identical symbol numbers are simultaneously transmitted at the same frequency.

A transmission device includes: a first mapper that maps a first bit stream of a first data series to generate a first modulated symbol stream of the first data series; a second mapper that maps a second bit stream of a second data series to generate a second modulated symbol stream of the second data series; a converter that subjects the second modulated symbol stream to conversion in accordance with the first modulated symbol stream; a superposition unit that superposes the first modulated symbol stream and the second modulated symbol stream at a predetermined amplitude ratio to generate a multiplexed signal, the second modulated symbol stream having been subjected to the conversion in accordance with the first modulated symbol stream; and a transmitter that transmits the multiplexed signal.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a transmitter may determine a first modulation order for a first layer of a communication and a second modulation order for a second layer of the communication, wherein the first modulation order and the second modulation order are different; interleave bits for one or more of the first layer or the second layer based at least in part on the first modulation order and the second modulation order; and transmit the interleaved bits via the one or more of the first layer or the second layer. Numerous other aspects are provided.

This application provides a multichannel-based signal transmission method and apparatus. The method includes: combining N groups of lower-order modulation symbols into N groups of higher-order modulation symbols, where an ith higher-order modulation symbol in each group of higher-order modulation symbols is obtained by combining ith lower-order modulation symbols in all the N groups of lower-order modulation symbols, each group of lower-order modulation symbols includes M lower-order modulation symbols, i=1, 2, . . . , M, N is a positive integer greater than 1, and M is a positive integer greater than 1; determining N to-be-sent signals based on the N groups of higher-order modulation symbols; and sending a kth to-be-sent signal in the N to-be-sent signals by using a kth channel in N channels, where k=1, 2, . . . , N.

Wireless communication wherein channel estimation accuracy is improved while keeping the position of each bit in a frame, even when a modulation system having a large modulation multiple value is used for a data symbol. An encoding operation encodes and outputs transmitting data (bit string) and a bit converting operation converts at least one bit of a plurality of bits constituting a data symbol to be used for channel estimation, among the encoded bit strings, into 1 or 0. A modulating operation modulates the bit string inputted from the bit converting operation by using a single modulation mapper and a plurality of data symbols are generated.

A rotary system mounted piezoelectric generator has a folded beam structure in which the whole or part of a spring is formed with a piezoelectric generation element, in which one end is provided in a drive rotation system and in which a weight is attached to the other end, the degree of freedom of motion of the weight is two or more-dimensional and thus it is possible to easily change the locus thereof. The beam has a spiral structure such that when the drive rotation system is rotated, a centrifugal force applied to the weight is efficiently modulated by a second force other than the centrifugal force. A self-powered wireless communication terminal is operated with an extremely small amount of power consumption by use of a wireless connection control means and a modulation scattering response antenna which perform multilevel phase-shift keying (MPSK).