A novel design of a gateway that handles traffic in and out of a network by using a datapath pipeline is provided. The datapath pipeline includes multiple stages for performing various data-plane packet-processing operations at the edge of the network. The processing stages include centralized routing stages and distributed routing stages. The processing stages can include service-providing stages such as NAT and firewall. The gateway caches the result previous packet operations and reapplies the result to subsequent packets that meet certain criteria. For packets that do not have applicable or valid result from previous packet processing operations, the gateway datapath daemon executes the pipelined packet processing stages and records a set of data from each stage of the pipeline and synthesizes those data into a cache entry for subsequent packets.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, embodiments and a method. The method includes iteratively providing messages to each Node Processor. Each Node Processor represents a node of a group of nodes. The iteratively providing of the messages comprises providing first messages. Each first message includes a cost associated with a path of nodes visited by each first message. A selected path is obtained from each node having a lowest cost of a group of common endpoint costs for paths having common endpoints. A next group of messages includes the selected path. The iteratively providing of the messages results in selected paths. Also, the method include determining a target path from a remaining path. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, embodiments and a method. The method includes iteratively providing messages to each Node Processor. Each Node Processor represents a node of a group of nodes. The iteratively providing of the messages comprises providing first messages. Each first message includes a cost associated with a path of nodes visited by each first message. A selected path is obtained from each node having a lowest cost of a group of common endpoint costs for paths having common endpoints. A next group of messages includes the selected path. The iteratively providing of the messages results in selected paths. Also, the method include determining a target path from a remaining path. Other embodiments are disclosed.

A method comprising instantiating virtual routers (VRs) at each of a set of nodes that form a network. Each VR is coupled to the network and to a tenant of the node. The network comprises virtual links in an overlay network provisioned over an underlay network including servers of a public network. The method comprises configuring at least one VR to include a feedback control system comprising at least one objective function that characterizes the network. The method comprises configuring the VR to receive link state data of a set of virtual links of the virtual links, and control routing of a tenant traffic flow of each tenant according to a best route of the network determined by the at least one objective function using the link state data.

A method performed in an Internet of Vehicles data transmission system is provided in the present disclosure, where the Internet of Vehicles data transmission system includes a plurality of clusters and at least one road-side unit connected to the Internet, each cluster includes at least one on-board unit, and the at least one on-board unit includes a cluster head on-board unit, and the method includes: transmitting data in the on-board unit to one of the at least one road-side unit, via the cluster head on-board unit of the cluster where the on-board unit belongs. An on-board unit and an Internet of Vehicles data transmission system are further provided.

A method performed in an Internet of Vehicles data transmission system is provided in the present disclosure, where the Internet of Vehicles data transmission system includes a plurality of clusters and at least one road-side unit connected to the Internet, each cluster includes at least one on-board unit, and the at least one on-board unit includes a cluster head on-board unit, and the method includes: transmitting data in the on-board unit to one of the at least one road-side unit, via the cluster head on-board unit of the cluster where the on-board unit belongs. An on-board unit and an Internet of Vehicles data transmission system are further provided.

A method of utilizing the same hardware network interface card (NIC) in a gateway of a datacenter to communicate datacenter tenant packet traffic and packet traffic for a set of applications that execute in the user space of the gateway and utilize a network stack in the kernel space of the gateway. The method sends and receives packets for the datacenter tenant packet traffic through a packet datapath in the user space. The method sends incoming packets from the NIC to the set of applications through the datapath in the user space, a user-kernel transport driver connecting the kernel network stack to the datapath in the user space, and the kernel network stack. The method receives outgoing packets at the NIC from the set of applications through the kernel network stack, the user-kernel transport driver, and the data path in the user space.

A method of utilizing the same hardware network interface card (NIC) in a gateway of a datacenter to communicate datacenter tenant packet traffic and packet traffic for a set of applications that execute in the user space of the gateway and utilize a network stack in the kernel space of the gateway. The method sends and receives packets for the datacenter tenant packet traffic through a packet datapath in the user space. The method sends incoming packets from the NIC to the set of applications through the datapath in the user space, a user-kernel transport driver connecting the kernel network stack to the datapath in the user space, and the kernel network stack. The method receives outgoing packets at the NIC from the set of applications through the kernel network stack, the user-kernel transport driver, and the data path in the user space.

Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product aspects for multiple instance Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS or ISIS) for a multi-area fabric. A network area in a multi-area fabric includes one or more network nodes and a boundary node shared with an other network area of the multi-area fabric outside of the network area. The boundary node can include a first ISIS instance associated with the network area and a second ISIS instance associated with the other network area. The second ISIS instance can be configured to pass information associated with the other network area to the first ISIS instance.

Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product aspects for multiple instance Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS or ISIS) for a multi-area fabric. A network area in a multi-area fabric includes one or more network nodes and a boundary node shared with an other network area of the multi-area fabric outside of the network area. The boundary node can include a first ISIS instance associated with the network area and a second ISIS instance associated with the other network area. The second ISIS instance can be configured to pass information associated with the other network area to the first ISIS instance.