This invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides comprising at least one N3′.fwdarw.P5′ phosphorodiamidate linkage (NPN) in the backbone as well as methods for using the same. The antisense oligonucleotides can effectively prevent or decrease protein expression.

The present invention is directed to 4′-substituted nucleoside derivatives of Formula I

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and their use in the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase, the prophylaxis of infection by HIV, the treatment of infection by HIV, and the prophylaxis, treatment, and delay in the onset or progression of AIDS and/or ARC.

Method for treating a viral infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a moiety represented by figure (I), wherein R.sub.1 is a saturated or unsaturated bivalent hydrocarbon group. Viruses subject to treatment can include HIV and flaviviruses such as west nile, dengue, or hepatitis C virus. Compositions and methods of isolation and purification are also described including from the Red Sea sponge.

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The present disclosure provides compounds that include a tetrazolone derivative of a carboxyl group of an active agent. This disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions that include these compounds, methods of using these compounds in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, and processes for preparing these compounds.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for reactivating latent immunodeficiency virus and/or reducing transcription of HIV integrated into the genome of an HIV-infected cell. The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for treating an immunodeficiency virus infection.

HIV replication inhibitors of formula

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N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts, quaternary amines or stereoisomeric forms thereof, wherein -a.sup.1=a.sup.2-a.sup.3=a.sup.4- is —CH═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—N═CH—, —N═CH—CH═N—, —N═N—CH═CH—; -b.sup.1=b.sup.2-b.sup.3=b.sup.4- is —CH═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—N═CH—, —N═CH—CH═N—, —N═N—CH═CH—; n and m is 0, 1, 2, 3 and in certain cases also 4; R.sup.1 is hydrogen; aryl; formyl; C.sub.1-6alkylcarbonyl; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.1-6alkyloxycarbonyl; R.sup.2 is OH; halo; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.2-6alkenyl or C.sub.2-6alkynyl; substituted carbonyl; carboxyl; CN; nitro; amino; substituted amino; polyhalomethyl; polyhalomethylthio; —S(═O).sub.pR.sup.6; C(═NH)R.sup.6; R.sup.2a is CN; amino; substituted amino; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl; halo; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyloxy; substituted carbonyl; —CH═N—NH—C(═O)—R.sup.16; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl; substituted C.sub.2-6alkenyl or C.sub.2-6alkynyl; —C(═N—O—R.sup.8)—C.sub.1-4alkyl; R.sup.7 or X—R.sup.7; R.sup.3 is CN; amino; C.sub.1-6alkyl; halo; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyloxy; substituted carbonyl; —CH═N—NH—C(═O)—R.sup.16; substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyloxyC.sub.1-6alkyl; substituted C.sub.2-6alkenyl or C.sub.2-6alkynyl; —C(═N—O—R.sup.8)—C.sub.1-4alkyl; R.sup.7; —X—R.sup.7; R.sup.4 is halo; OH; optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.2-6alkenyl or C.sub.2-6alkynyl; C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; C.sub.1-6alkyloxy; CN; nitro; polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyloxy; substituted carbonyl; formyl; amino; mono- or di(C.sub.1-4alkyl)amino or R.sup.7; -A-B— is —CR.sup.5═N—, —N═N—, —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—, —CS—NH—, —CO—NH—, —CH═CH—;
pharmaceutical compositions comprising these; methods for the preparation of these compounds and compositions; the use of these compounds for the prevention or the treatment of HIV infection.

The object of the present invention relates to the new and surprising use of sulfated hyaluronic acid (HAS) as regulator agent of the cytokine activity (pro- and antiinflammatory) and consequently the use of HAS for the preparation of a new medicine for the prevention and treatment of pathologies associated with the activation and/or deficiency of cytokines of a pro- and antiinflammatory nature. The Applicant has in fact discovered its exclusive capacity in modulating the activity of these particular proteins, it has studied the action mechanism and demonstrated the substantial difference between the different sulfated types known in the state of the art, but above all it has demonstrated an unexpectedly high activity of HAS vs different types and strains of Herpes virus, HIV, Cytomegalovirus and the virus of vesicular stomatitis.

The present invention relates to methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in recombinant cells such as yeast or plant cells. Also provided are recombinant cells or plants which produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a group of new enzymes which possess desaturase or elongase activity that can be used in methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In particular, the present invention provides ω3 destaurases, Δ5 elongases and Δ6 desaturases with novel activities. Also provided are methods and DNA constructs for transiently and/or stably transforming cells, particularly plant cells, with multiple genes.

Compounds of formula I and their metabolites are potent mediators of an inflammatory response:

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where a, b, c, d, e, f, V, W, X, Y, R.sup.a, R.sup.a′, R.sup.b, R.sup.b′, R.sup.c, and R.sup.c′ are defined herein. In particular, the compounds of the invention are candidate therapeutics for treating inflammatory conditions.

One aspect of the present invention relates to double-stranded RNAi (dsRNA) duplex agent capable of inhibiting the expression of a target gene. The dsRNA duplex comprises one or more motifs of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides in one or both strand, particularly at or near the cleavage site of the strand. Other aspects of the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these dsRNA agents suitable for therapeutic use, and methods of inhibiting the expression of a target gene by administering these dsRNA agents, e.g., for the treatment of various disease conditions.