Source routing techniques include sending data across several networks, while limiting source routing overhead. For example, the source routing techniques may use a first address format to route data to nodes along a routing path that are within a first network where a source node is located, and use a second address format to route the data to a node along the routing path that is within a second, different network. The node in the second network may similarly route the data through the second network using the first address format for nodes within the second network and, if needed, route the data to a node within a third network using the second address format. This may be repeated for any number of networks to reach a destination.

A multi-cloud service system establishes tunnels and network overlays across multiple CSPs while meeting a criterion for a latency threshold. The system conducts a latency benchmarking evaluation across each cloud region for multiple CSPs and based on the latency bench marking evaluation results, the system may identify a group of cloud regions that satisfy a criterion such as predetermined maximum latency threshold or geographical restriction. The system may provision the group of cloud regions by provisioning a tunnel between nodes of the multiple CSPs. The system further establishes an overlay network on top of the tunnel by encapsulating packets using encapsulation end point such as VTEP (VXLAN tunnel end point) over VXLAN (Virtual Extension Local Area Network), which may help to ensure reliable transmission of packets from pod to pod. The system may inject user data into each node to initiate operations across the provisioned nodes using injected user data.

A multi-cloud service system establishes tunnels and network overlays across multiple CSPs while meeting a criterion for a latency threshold. The system conducts a latency benchmarking evaluation across each cloud region for multiple CSPs and based on the latency bench marking evaluation results, the system may identify a group of cloud regions that satisfy a criterion such as predetermined maximum latency threshold or geographical restriction. The system may provision the group of cloud regions by provisioning a tunnel between nodes of the multiple CSPs. The system further establishes an overlay network on top of the tunnel by encapsulating packets using encapsulation end point such as VTEP (VXLAN tunnel end point) over VXLAN (Virtual Extension Local Area Network), which may help to ensure reliable transmission of packets from pod to pod. The system may inject user data into each node to initiate operations across the provisioned nodes using injected user data.

In one illustrative example, a network node connected in a network fabric may identify that it is established as part of a multicast distribution tree for forwarding multicast traffic from a source node to one or more host receiver devices of a multicast group. In response, the network node may propagate in the network fabric a message for advertising the network node as a candidate local source node at which to join the multicast group. The message for advertising may include data such as a reachability metric. The propagation of the message may be part of a flooding of such messages in the network fabric. The network node serving as the candidate local source node may thereafter “locally” join a host receiver device in the multicast group at the network node so that the device may receive the multicast traffic from the source node via the network node.

In one illustrative example, a network node connected in a network fabric may identify that it is established as part of a multicast distribution tree for forwarding multicast traffic from a source node to one or more host receiver devices of a multicast group. In response, the network node may propagate in the network fabric a message for advertising the network node as a candidate local source node at which to join the multicast group. The message for advertising may include data such as a reachability metric. The propagation of the message may be part of a flooding of such messages in the network fabric. The network node serving as the candidate local source node may thereafter “locally” join a host receiver device in the multicast group at the network node so that the device may receive the multicast traffic from the source node via the network node.

The present technology discloses data communication in a network. A node in the network receives an internet protocol (IP) data packet. The IP data packet has a header and a payload. The node performs actions on the IP data packet based on specifications in the header of the IP data packet. The node then forwards the IP data packet based on the specifications in the header of the IP data packet to a next hop node in the network.

The present technology discloses data communication in a network. A node in the network receives an internet protocol (IP) data packet. The IP data packet has a header and a payload. The node performs actions on the IP data packet based on specifications in the header of the IP data packet. The node then forwards the IP data packet based on the specifications in the header of the IP data packet to a next hop node in the network.

A packet sending method includes: A first device obtains geographical location information of the first device, and generates a first Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 packet, where the first IPv6 packet carries the geographical location information of the first device; and the first device sends the first IPv6 packet.

A packet sending method includes: A first device obtains geographical location information of the first device, and generates a first Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 packet, where the first IPv6 packet carries the geographical location information of the first device; and the first device sends the first IPv6 packet.

A network device may receive a packet and may determine whether a next header of the packet is an Internet protocol (IP) header, an Internet control message protocol (ICMP) header, or a segment routing header. The network device may determine, when the next header of the packet is the IP header, whether policy processing of the packet is set to ultimate segment decapsulation and may discard the packet when the policy processing of the packet is not set to ultimate segment decapsulation. The network device may decapsulate an outer header of the packet when the policy processing of the packet is set to ultimate segment decapsulation and may process the packet after decapsulating the outer header of the packet, to generate a processed packet. The network device may forward the processed packet toward a destination.