A network device may receive a packet and may determine whether a next header of the packet is an Internet protocol (IP) header, an Internet control message protocol (ICMP) header, or a segment routing header. The network device may determine, when the next header of the packet is the IP header, whether policy processing of the packet is set to ultimate segment decapsulation and may discard the packet when the policy processing of the packet is not set to ultimate segment decapsulation. The network device may decapsulate an outer header of the packet when the policy processing of the packet is set to ultimate segment decapsulation and may process the packet after decapsulating the outer header of the packet, to generate a processed packet. The network device may forward the processed packet toward a destination.

Embodiments of this application disclose a packet sending method, a device, and a system, so that a specified network device does not use a backup forwarding path to forward a packet, thereby reducing, to some extent, a technical problem such as network resource waste or network congestion caused by a loop problem. The method includes: A first network device obtains a first packet destined for a destination device; the first network device adds a first indication identifier to the first packet to generate a second packet, where the first indication identifier is used to indicate a second network device to avoid using a backup forwarding path from the second network device to the destination device to send the second packet to the destination device; and the first network device sends the second packet to the second network device by using a first forwarding path.

A method implemented by a first node in a segment routing (SR) network domain includes receiving, from a second node of another network domain, a packet that is to pass through the SR network domain in accordance with segment identifiers (SIDs). The method also includes obtaining compressed SIDs corresponding to some of the SIDs. The method includes generating, by the first node, a segment routing header (SRH) having a list of segments and a segment left (SL) field. The method finally includes adding the SRH to the packet, and forwarding the packet with the SRH to a third node in the SR network domain.

A method implemented by a first node in a segment routing (SR) network domain includes receiving, from a second node of another network domain, a packet that is to pass through the SR network domain in accordance with segment identifiers (SIDs). The method also includes obtaining compressed SIDs corresponding to some of the SIDs. The method includes generating, by the first node, a segment routing header (SRH) having a list of segments and a segment left (SL) field. The method finally includes adding the SRH to the packet, and forwarding the packet with the SRH to a third node in the SR network domain.

A first edge server of multiple edge servers of a distributed edge computing network receives a request from a client device regarding a resource hosted at an origin server according to an anycast implementation. The first edge server modifies the request to include identifying information for the first edge server prior to sending the request to the origin server. The origin server responds with a response packet that includes the identifying information of the first edge server. Instead of routing the response packet to the client device directly, one of the multiple edge servers receives the response packet due to the edge servers each having the same anycast address. If the edge server that receives the response packet is not the first edge server, that edge server transmits the response packet to the first edge server, who processes the response packet and transmits the response packet to the client device.

A first edge server of multiple edge servers of a distributed edge computing network receives a request from a client device regarding a resource hosted at an origin server according to an anycast implementation. The first edge server modifies the request to include identifying information for the first edge server prior to sending the request to the origin server. The origin server responds with a response packet that includes the identifying information of the first edge server. Instead of routing the response packet to the client device directly, one of the multiple edge servers receives the response packet due to the edge servers each having the same anycast address. If the edge server that receives the response packet is not the first edge server, that edge server transmits the response packet to the first edge server, who processes the response packet and transmits the response packet to the client device.

In some embodiments, a method sets a threshold for utilization of a first table, wherein the utilization is based on layer 3 addresses and layer 2 addresses being stored in the first table. When a utilization of the first table does not meet the threshold, the method stores a layer 3 address in the first table. The first table uses a first type of lookup to determine a next hop address for the layer 3 addresses or the layer 2 addresses, and the first table also stores one or more layer 2 addresses. When the utilization of the first table meets the threshold, the method stores the layer 3 address in a second table where the second table uses a second type of lookup to determine the next hop address for layer 3 addresses.

In some embodiments, a method sets a threshold for utilization of a first table, wherein the utilization is based on layer 3 addresses and layer 2 addresses being stored in the first table. When a utilization of the first table does not meet the threshold, the method stores a layer 3 address in the first table. The first table uses a first type of lookup to determine a next hop address for the layer 3 addresses or the layer 2 addresses, and the first table also stores one or more layer 2 addresses. When the utilization of the first table meets the threshold, the method stores the layer 3 address in a second table where the second table uses a second type of lookup to determine the next hop address for layer 3 addresses.

Provided are a data forwarding method and apparatus, a device, and a storage medium. The data forwarding method includes: in response to receiving a user access request, encapsulating a meta array of a first communication node and an original access control message to obtain a first access control message; and forwarding the first access control message to a second communication node according to a pre-orchestrated path.

Provided are a data forwarding method and apparatus, a device, and a storage medium. The data forwarding method includes: in response to receiving a user access request, encapsulating a meta array of a first communication node and an original access control message to obtain a first access control message; and forwarding the first access control message to a second communication node according to a pre-orchestrated path.