Embodiments of a device and method are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method of communications involves generating a packet for communications in a wired communications network, where the packet includes a header and a payload, and where the header includes packet type information that indicates a network connection within the wired communications network in which the packet is used, and transmitting the packet through the network connection.

A method for congestion control in a data communication protocol employing acknowledged communication may include measuring a flight size. A transmission rate may be measured. A trend of the flight size may be determined. A trend of the transmission rate may be determined, and the trend may be derived from a transmission rate gradient calculation, in which either the transmission rate measurements or the transmission rate gradient calculations or both may be filtered to reduce their temporal variability. Whether there is a congestion may be detected according to the determined trend of the transmission rate and the trend of the flight size. Upon detection of the congestion, a change may be made from a current congestion control state to a new congestion control state. Data may be transmitted while respecting a maximum amount of unacknowledged data which the transmitting node may transmit. An apparatus is also disclosed.

The invention relates to a method for migrating data traffic from an existing optical WDM transmission system to a new optical WDM transmission system, the existing optical WDM transmission system using a first optical transmission band and the new optical WDM transmission system being capable of using a second optical transmission band. The second optical transmission band at least partially includes the first optical transmission band and a further extension band that does not overlap with the first optical transmission band, the method including the steps of. According to the invention, a migration filter device is used in order to connect, during a migration phase, the network nodes of the existing system and the network nodes of the new system to the network paths that have been used by the existing system. During the migration phase, both systems are operated in parallel, with the new system using the extension band only. In this way, during the migration phase, the data traffic handled by the existing system can stepwise be switched to the new system. After all data traffic has been switched to the new system, the existing system can be deinstalled. The migration filter devices can stepwise be deinstalled.

A relay apparatus executes either (i) transmitting a received frame, which is received from a communication line, to a different communication line or (ii) discarding the received frame as a discarded frame, according to a preset filtering rule. The relay apparatus stores discard information indicating information on the discarded frame in a preset discard recording storage when discarding the received frame as the discarded frame.

A computing system includes a computing device and an input data path connecting an interface device to the computing device. The input data path has at least two data relays and at least one buffer memory temporarily storing data. Each of the data relays has first and second terminals and a central terminal and selectively interconnects the first and central terminals or the second and central terminals and leaves the first and second terminals constantly separated from each other. The first terminal of a first relay is connected to the interface device, and the second terminal is connected to the computing device. The central terminal of the first data relay is connected to the buffer memory. The intermediate buffer memory is selectively connected by the first data relay solely to the interface device or the second terminal of the first data relay, but not to both simultaneously.

The present invention provides a frame transmission method of an electronic device, wherein the frame transmission method includes the steps of: receiving a pause frame from another electronic device, wherein the pause frame includes a plurality of inter frame gap control indicator, and each of the inter frame gap control indicator includes a plurality of packet size ranges and corresponding pause times; selecting one of the inter frame gap control indicator according to a priority of a first packet to be sent to the other electronic device, and determining a first inter frame gap according to which packet size range the first packet belongs to; and after a first frame including the first packet is sent to the other electronic device, at least waiting for the first inter frame gap before starting to send a second frame to the other electronic device.

A method for congestion control in a data communication protocol employing acknowledged communication may include measuring a flight size. A transmission rate may be measured. A trend of the flight size may be determined. A trend of the transmission rate may be determined, and the trend may be derived from a transmission rate gradient calculation, in which either the transmission rate measurements or the transmission rate gradient calculations or both may be filtered to reduce their temporal variability. Whether there is a congestion may be detected according to the determined trend of the transmission rate and the trend of the flight size. Upon detection of the congestion, a change may be made from a current congestion control state to a new congestion control state. Data may be transmitted while respecting a maximum amount of unacknowledged data which the transmitting node may transmit. An apparatus is also disclosed.

The invention relates to a method for migrating data traffic from an existing optical WDM transmission system to a new optical WDM transmission system, the existing optical WDM transmission system using a first optical transmission band and the new optical WDM transmission system being capable of using a second optical transmission band. The second optical transmission band at least partially includes the first optical transmission band and a further extension band that does not overlap with the first optical transmission band, the method including the steps of. According to the invention, a migration filter device is used in order to connect, during a migration phase, the network nodes of the existing system and the network nodes of the new system to the network paths that have been used by the existing system. During the migration phase, both systems are operated in parallel, with the new system using the extension band only. In this way, during the migration phase, the data traffic handled by the existing system can stepwise be switched to the new system. After all data traffic has been switched to the new system, the existing system can be deinstalled. The migration filter devices can stepwise be deinstalled.

There is provided a transmission apparatus that transmits information generated by an information source and divided for each block to a transmission path in units of frames including a plurality of the blocks, including: a transmission unit that stops the transmission of information to the transmission path or transmits toggle data to the transmission path in one of several blocks in the frame where an amount of information to be transmitted is less than a transmission capacity of the transmission path, the toggle data having a cycle of transition of information longer than that of information in a block other than the one block in the frame.

A traffic optimization apparatus includes a tethering detection part configured to identify, based on packet header information of a packet flowing in a network to which a communication terminal configured to provide a tethering service to one or more other devices is connected, the tethering traffic from each of the one or more other devices via the communication terminal, a policy selection part configured to select a communication policy to be applied to the identified tethering traffic, and a traffic optimization part configured to apply, to the tethering traffic, a process associated with the selected policy.