A method implemented by a network element (NE) comprises generating, by a processor, an Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) packet comprising an IPv4 header, a plurality of extension headers, and upper layer data, wherein the IPv4 packet indicates a total length of the IPv4 packet and a total length of the plurality of extension headers, indicating, by the processor, a protocol number associated with a first extension header of the plurality of extension headers in a protocol field of the IPv4 header, indicating, by the processor, a protocol used to encode the upper layer data of the IPv4 packet in a last protocol field of a last extension header of the plurality of extension headers, and transmitting, by a transmitter, the IPv4 packet to another NE.

Embodiments herein may include systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer-readable media, for a multi-access edge computing (MEC) system. An apparatus for MEC may include a communication interface, a local cost measurements module, and a service allocation module. The communication interface may receive, from a UE, a request for a service to be provided to the UE. The local cost measurements module may collect a set of local cost measurements for the service. The service allocation module may determine to allocate the service to a MEC host based on an allocation policy related to a cost for the MEC host to provide the service or a cost for a service provider to provide the service in view of the one or more local cost measurements. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Systems and methods are provided for managing a data communication within a multi-level network having a plurality of switches organized as groups, with each group coupled to all other groups via global links, including: at each switch within the network, maintaining a global fault table identifying the links which lead only to faulty global paths, and when the data communication is received at a port of a switch, determine a destination for the data communication and, route the communication across the network using the global fault table to avoid selecting a port within the switch that would result in the communication arriving at a point in the network where its only path forward is across a global link that is faulty; wherein the global fault table is used for both a global minimal routing methodology and a global non-minimal routing methodology.

In this disclosure, in a network comprising a plurality of network devices, a network device includes processing circuitry configured to: receive packet data corresponding to a network flow originating at a first device, the packet data destined to a second device; generate an entropy label to add to a label stack of the packet data, wherein the entropy label is generated from one or more attributes corresponding to the network flow that originated at the first device and is destined to the second device; generate a flow record including the entropy label, wherein the entropy label identifies the network flow amongst a plurality of network flows in the network; and send, to a controller of the network, the flow record, wherein the controller identifies the flow record based on the entropy label corresponding to the network flow originating at the first device and is destined to the second device.

A method for congestion control in a data communication protocol employing acknowledged communication may include measuring a flight size. A transmission rate may be measured. A trend of the flight size may be determined. A trend of the transmission rate may be determined, and the trend may be derived from a transmission rate gradient calculation, in which either the transmission rate measurements or the transmission rate gradient calculations or both may be filtered to reduce their temporal variability. Whether there is a congestion may be detected according to the determined trend of the transmission rate and the trend of the flight size. Upon detection of the congestion, a change may be made from a current congestion control state to a new congestion control state. Data may be transmitted while respecting a maximum amount of unacknowledged data which the transmitting node may transmit. An apparatus is also disclosed.

A system and method maintain communication service quality in a network. The method comprises providing a network of nodes including a network component and at least two user endpoints, implementing a physical connection between at least two nodes in the network, implementing virtual connections between all of the nodes using a metering module disposed in at least one node which meters actual traffic on the physical connections at the nodes, generating synthetic traffic on the virtual connections to simulate traffic by the at least two user endpoints, metering the synthetic traffic on the virtual connections at the nodes using the metering module, generating traffic data metrics from the actual traffic and the synthetic traffic in the network, diagnosing network connectivity from the traffic data metrics using a diagnostic module, and rectifying quality-related issues of the network from the diagnosed network connectivity using a remediation module. The system implements the method.

Embodiments disclosed herein provide systems and methods for controlling bandwidth across a network address translation (NAT) system. In a particular embodiment a method provides, identifying a first endpoint and a second endpoint to a communication session. The first endpoint is located within a domain of the NAT system and the second endpoint is located outside to the domain. The method further provides determining a bandwidth limitation for the communication session and exchanging communications between the first and second endpoints in accordance with the bandwidth limitation.

Message splitting and aggregation in a multi-stage electrical interconnection network are disclosed. A method of operating an electronic device comprised of computing devices, includes splitting, into segments, a message to be transmitted from a first of the computing devices, transmitting the segments to a second of the computing devices through a multi-channel that is based on an electrical connection between the first computing device and a plurality of switches, wherein the multi-channel includes channels respectively including electrical connections, the electrical connections connecting the first computing device with the second computing device, and reconstructing the message by aggregating the segments in the second computing device, wherein a bandwidth of the multi-channel transmitting the segments is greater than a maximum bandwidth of a single electrical connection of the electrical connections.

For example, a first non Access Point (AP) (non-AP) wireless communication station (STA) and/or an AP may be configured to communicate End to End (E2E) Quality of Service (QoS) information corresponding to an E2E traffic flow. For example, the non-AP STA may be configured to set E2E QoS information in a Stream Classification Service (SCS) descriptor element. For example, the E2E QoS information may be configured to indicate an E2E QoS requirement for an E2E traffic flow to be communicated between the first non-AP STA and a second non-AP STA. For example, the non-AP STA may be configured to transmit an SCS request to the AP. For example, the SCS request may include the SCS descriptor element.

An edge termination point (ETP) transport protocol between two or more ETPs in a network, such as a Layer 2 transport network, may be provided. A device may receive an incoming internet protocol (IP) transaction at an edge termination point (ETP) in a network. The device may terminate the received incoming IP transaction at the ETP. The device may map the terminated incoming IP transaction onto an ETP-to-ETP communication. The device may control the ETP-to-ETP communication. For example, the device may control the ETP-to-ETP communication based on a resource management regime. The device may map the ETP-to-ETP communication onto one or more outgoing IP transactions at the ETP. The device may map the IP transaction onto an ETP-ETP communication. The ETP-ETP communication may include one or more ETP flows and one or more ETP transactions.