The application discloses a router coupled to a first device and a second device. The router includes a first packet input interface, a second packet input interface, a first register, a second register, a control circuit and a switch module. The switch module includes a control port, a first packet output interface and a second packet output interface. The application further discloses a routing method. The router and routing method saves idle time and improves quality of service.

Techniques are provided for managing a user space protocol stack are disclosed herein. A nexus in a kernel space can receive a packet from a packet pool, and extract information from the packet to generate a flow key indicating a particular flow for the packet. The nexus can further look up the flow key in a flow table to determine whether there is an existing flow key stored in the flow table matching the flow key of the packet, and store the packet into a batch of packets of the existing flow when the existing flow key matches the flow key of the packet. When a release condition being met, the nexus can release the batch of packets of the existing flow to a user space protocol stack within a user space application through a channel communicatively coupled to the nexus and the user space protocol stack.

This application discloses a communications method and related communications apparatus and system. The method includes recovering, by a first node, when detecting that a first packet is lost, the first packet according to a local recovery mechanism. The first packet is a packet obtained based on a packet sent by at least one first terminal to at least one second terminal, and the first node is a node on a network path between each first terminal and a second terminal communicating with the first terminal. The method further includes adding a first identification information related to local recovery, and sending the first packet. This application can reduce a transmission delay and improve transmission efficiency.

Method for radio communication with base station, by user equipment (UE), apparatus in UE for radio communication with base station, a method for radio communication with a UE by a base station, and an apparatus in a base station for radio communication with a UE are provided. The method for radio communication with a base station, by a UE, includes determining whether to start a first timer based on a predetermined condition, in response to a buffer status reporting triggered; starting the first timer in response to the predetermined condition being satisfied; in response to an uplink resource for a buffer status report transmission being available before the first timer expires, transmitting an uplink packet including a buffer status report using the available uplink resource; and in response to no uplink resource for the buffer status report transmission being available and the first timer expiring, transmitting a scheduling request to the base station.

Method for radio communication with base station, by user equipment (UE), apparatus in UE for radio communication with base station, a method for radio communication with a UE by a base station, and an apparatus in a base station for radio communication with a UE are provided. The method for radio communication with a base station, by a UE, includes determining whether to start a first timer based on a predetermined condition, in response to a buffer status reporting triggered; starting the first timer in response to the predetermined condition being satisfied; in response to an uplink resource for a buffer status report transmission being available before the first timer expires, transmitting an uplink packet including a buffer status report using the available uplink resource; and in response to no uplink resource for the buffer status report transmission being available and the first timer expiring, transmitting a scheduling request to the base station.

A frame processing method and apparatus are provided, to implement selective receiving in a redundant transmission scenario. The method includes: A destination device receives a first Ethernet frame from a first intermediate node through a first interface, where the first Ethernet frame includes a first time point, and the first time point is a processing time point of the first Ethernet frame on the first intermediate node. The destination device receives a second Ethernet frame from a second intermediate node through a second interface, where the second Ethernet frame includes a second time point, and the second time point is a processing time point of the second Ethernet frame on the second intermediate node. The destination device determines, based on the first time point and the second time point, whether the second Ethernet frame is a duplicate frame of the first Ethernet frame.

An encrypted tunnel is established between a virtual private network (VPN) server and a VPN user device. A request to establish a connection with a target device is received from the VPN user device. The request uses initial connection parameters. The connection the converted into a first connection between the VPN user device and the VPN server and a second connection between the VPN server and the target device. The first connection uses first connection parameters and the second connection uses second connection parameters. At least one parameter of the first connection parameters or of the second connection parameters is different from a corresponding parameter of the initial connection parameters. First network packets received from the VPN user device according to the first connection parameters are converted into second network packets according to the second connection parameters. The second network packets are transmitted to the target device.

A system and method of accessing a container environment having one or more containers is provided. The method of the disclosure includes receiving the container network namespace assigned to the container as established in a container runtime, switching from a host container network namespace to the container network namespace of the container, opening the container network interface of the container network namespace for allowing access to packets received or transmitted by the container network interface, and accessing the packets.

A system and method of accessing a container environment having one or more containers is provided. The method of the disclosure includes receiving the container network namespace assigned to the container as established in a container runtime, switching from a host container network namespace to the container network namespace of the container, opening the container network interface of the container network namespace for allowing access to packets received or transmitted by the container network interface, and accessing the packets.

The present disclosure provides a packet tracing mechanism will be described that provides packet tracing information to a mobile network controller. In one aspect, a method includes receiving a data packet sent from a source node to a destination node; determining if the data packet is to be updated with packet tracing information; and upon determining that the data packet is to be updated, updating the packet tracing information of the data packet to include identification of the network device and an ingress timestamp of the data packet at the network device for a corresponding network controller to determining network routing policies.