Disclosed is an operating method of an encoder, which includes receiving a first bit stream including first to N-th bits, determining at least one symbol in the first bit stream, wherein the at least one symbol includes “M” consecutive bits each having the first bit value or the second bit value, and generating a first data packet including a first header and at least one packet symbol. The first header includes a least symbol address of a first symbol of the at least one symbol and an inverted value of a bit value of the first bit, a first packet symbol of the at least one packet symbol includes a bit value of the first symbol, a least symbol address of a second symbol of the at least one symbol, and an inverted value of a bit value of a next bit of the first symbol.

An overlay network system includes multiple point-of-presence (POP) devices each including a path finding component and corresponding telemetry component, agent component, and routing daemon. The telemetry component generates latency measurements for the POP on which it is disposed. A centralized billboard service provides border gateway protocol (BGP) announcements and point-of-presence (POP) peering decisions to each of the agent components. On each of the POPs, the path finding component and corresponding telemetry component, agent component, and routing daemon cooperate to transform the BGP announcements, peering decisions, and latency measurements into routing tables and link selections for packet streams routed through the POPs.

A communication apparatus generates a packet, receives a packet from a first other apparatus, calculates a sum value of a data size of the generated packet and a data size of the received packet, in a case where it is determined the sum value does not exceed a threshold value, transmits the generated packet and the received packet to a second other apparatus via a first transmission path and, in a case where it is determined that the sum value exceeds the threshold value, transmits the received packet to the second other apparatus via the first transmission path and transmits the generated packet to the second other apparatus via a second transmission path.

A communication apparatus generates a packet, receives a packet from a first other apparatus, calculates a sum value of a data size of the generated packet and a data size of the received packet, in a case where it is determined the sum value does not exceed a threshold value, transmits the generated packet and the received packet to a second other apparatus via a first transmission path and, in a case where it is determined that the sum value exceeds the threshold value, transmits the received packet to the second other apparatus via the first transmission path and transmits the generated packet to the second other apparatus via a second transmission path.

In an example, a method in a terminal device is disclosed. The method comprises determining a Protocol Data Unit (PDU), wherein the PDU comprises at least a sub-PDU, the sub-PDU comprising at least a subheader, and the sub-PDU including an indication of a buffer status modification value, wherein a current buffer status of the terminal device comprises a previous buffer status of the terminal device modified by the buffer status modification value. The method also comprises transmitting the PDU to a network node.

In an example, a method in a terminal device is disclosed. The method comprises determining a Protocol Data Unit (PDU), wherein the PDU comprises at least a sub-PDU, the sub-PDU comprising at least a subheader, and the sub-PDU including an indication of a buffer status modification value, wherein a current buffer status of the terminal device comprises a previous buffer status of the terminal device modified by the buffer status modification value. The method also comprises transmitting the PDU to a network node.

An overlay network system includes point-of-presence (POP) devices each comprising a telemetry component, a billboard agent, and a packet routing daemon. The telemetry components generate latency measurements for the POP on which each is disposed. A centralized billboard service provides border gateway protocol (BGP) announcements and point-of-presence (POP) peering decisions to each of the billboard agent components. On on each of the POPs, the path finding component and corresponding telemetry component, agent component, and routing daemon cooperate to transform the BGP announcements, peering decisions, and latency measurements into routing tables and link selections for packet streams routed through the POPs.

Systems including a telemetry service, a graph service coupled to transform outputs of the telemetry service into path routes through an overlay network, a billboard service configured to transform the path routes into border gateway protocol (BGP) announcements and point-of-presence (POP) peering decisions, multiple agent components, and multiple routing daemons, each disposed on a different POP of the overlay network along with a corresponding one of the agent components. The daemons receive BGP announcements and peering decisions from the billboard service via the corresponding agent component and transform the BGP announcements and peering decisions into routing tables for the POPs.

A packet processing technique can include selecting a protocol field from the packet, and performing a comparison of the selected protocol field with comparison data in a compare logic array to output a protocol index. The protocol index can be used as an address to read parsing commands from a parse control table, and a parse result can be generated based on executing the parsing commands on the packet. The parse results are used to derive a parse result vector, which can be used by a forwarding engine to forward the packet.

Systems and methods are described for avoiding redundant data transfers using delta coding techniques when reliably and opportunistically communicating data to multiple user systems. According to embodiments, user systems track received block sequences for locally stored content blocks. An intermediate server intercepts content requests between user systems and target hosts, and deterministically chucks and fingerprints content data received in response to those requests. A fingerprint of a received content block is communicated to the requesting user system, and the user system determines based on the fingerprint whether the corresponding content block matches a content block that is already locally stored. If so, the user system returns a set of fingerprints representing a sequence of next content blocks that were previously stored after the matching content block. The intermediate server can then send only those content data blocks that are not already locally stored at the user system according to the returned set of fingerprints.