A receiver receives a data packet with a header and a payload. The payload includes at least one full service data unit, one or two service data unit fragments, or at least one full service data unit and at least one service data unit fragment, where a service data unit fragment is only located (i) at the beginning of the payload or at the end of the payload or (ii) at the beginning of the payload and at the end of the payload. The header includes a single field consisting of a first bit and a second bit, even when a number of full service data units and service data unit fragments in the payload is more than two, the single field indicating whether (i) the payload begins with a fragment of a service data unit and (ii) the payload ends with a service data unit fragment. Digital signal processing circuitry processes the header to determine processing for the payload.

A method for forwarding a packet, and a network device are provided. Under the method: a first packet can be received. The first packet includes first indication information, payload data, and a packet sequence number of the first packet in a data flow corresponding to the first packet. When the first network device determines that the first packet includes the first indication information, a plurality of second packets can be generated based on the first packet. Each of the plurality of second packets includes the payload data, the packet sequence number, and second indication information; and separately forwarding, the plurality of second packets to a second network device over different forwarding paths in a plurality of forwarding paths.

A multi-chip system and a data transmission method thereof are provided. The multi-chip system includes a first chip, a link unit, and a second chip. The first chip includes multiple transmitter (TX) channels and a first data processing module. The TX channels are configured to provide at least one transaction information. The first data processing module converts the at least one transaction information into at least one first data packet according to a general packet format and packs the at least one first data packet according to a specific packet format to generate a second data packet. The first data processing module merges two sets of second data packets into a third data packet and transmits the third data packet to the link unit. The second chip receives the third data packet through the link unit.

A multi-chip system and a data transmission method thereof are provided. The multi-chip system includes a first chip, a link unit, and a second chip. The first chip includes multiple transmitter (TX) channels and a first data processing module. The TX channels are configured to provide at least one transaction information. The first data processing module converts the at least one transaction information into at least one first data packet according to a general packet format and packs the at least one first data packet according to a specific packet format to generate a second data packet. The first data processing module merges two sets of second data packets into a third data packet and transmits the third data packet to the link unit. The second chip receives the third data packet through the link unit.

Systems and methods are described for avoiding redundant data transfers using delta coding techniques when reliably and opportunistically communicating data to multiple user systems. According to embodiments, user systems track received block sequences for locally stored content blocks. An intermediate server intercepts content requests between user systems and target hosts, and deterministically chucks and fingerprints content data received in response to those requests. A fingerprint of a received content block is communicated to the requesting user system, and the user system determines based on the fingerprint whether the corresponding content block matches a content block that is already locally stored. If so, the user system returns a set of fingerprints representing a sequence of next content blocks that were previously stored after the matching content block. The intermediate server can then send only those content data blocks that are not already locally stored at the user system according to the returned set of fingerprints.

A data transmission apparatus, a data transmission system, and a data transmission method for implementing flexible Ethernet (FlexE) data transmission in an upstream/downstream asymmetric manner includes obtaining a plurality of first data packets that come from different Media Access Control (MAC) clients, where the different MAC clients receive respective second data packets over respective second FlexE virtual links; and sending the plurality of first data packets to a transmit end of the second data packets over a first FlexE virtual link that corresponds to the different MAC clients.

A method for optimizing telemetry packet for in-band telemetry includes receiving a telemetry packet at a network node in a communication pathway between a sending host sending data packets to a receiving host and determining telemetry data for the network node. The telemetry data includes latency information for data packet processing of the network node. The method includes adding metadata to the telemetry packet, where the metadata is added after a header and a telemetry packet header and after any metadata added by any upstream network nodes. The metadata includes the telemetry data and the metadata overwrites a portion of a payload of the telemetry packet. The method includes, in response to adding the metadata to the telemetry packet, transmitting the telemetry packet to a next destination.

A method for forwarding a packet, and a network device are provided. According to the method a first packet can be received. The first packet includes first indication information, payload data, and a packet sequence number of the first packet in a data flow corresponding to the first packet. When the first network device determines that the first packet includes the first indication information, a plurality of second packets can be generated based on the first packet. Each of the plurality of second packets includes the payload data, the packet sequence number, and second indication information. The plurality of second packets can be separately forwarded to a second network device over different forwarding paths in a plurality of forwarding paths.

The disclosure provides a method for adjusting traffic for a network, a computing device, and a storage medium. The method includes: obtaining local network state information collected by any border router node in the network; and inputting the local network state information collected by the any border router node into a corresponding first preset trained sub-model, to output a proportion of traffic dispatched on each candidate path from a source border router node to a destination border router node, in which the source border router node is the any border router node, and the destination border router node is an egress border router node in the network.

The disclosure provides a method for adjusting traffic for a network, a computing device, and a storage medium. The method includes: obtaining local network state information collected by any border router node in the network; and inputting the local network state information collected by the any border router node into a corresponding first preset trained sub-model, to output a proportion of traffic dispatched on each candidate path from a source border router node to a destination border router node, in which the source border router node is the any border router node, and the destination border router node is an egress border router node in the network.