A method of transmitting data by a transmitting entity in a wireless communications network to a receiving entity, the method comprising receiving, at the transmitting entity, data for transmission via a wireless access interface of the wireless communications network, dividing the data into portions for transmission, forming from each portion of data for each of one or more protocol layers one or more protocol data units, the one or more protocol data units being formed for each layer according to a protocol applied by the layer for transmitting the protocol data unit and each of the protocol data units for each layer includes a header, and transmitting the data via the wireless access interface by processing each of the one or more protocol data units via each of the one or more protocol layers.

The disclosure relates to modem and router modules for use with digital display systems, including televisions. A modem module is configurable to attach to a set-top box, a set-back box, directly to a digital display, or may even be integrated into display equipment. Router functions and ports can be integrated into the module to provide for networking of additional devices in proximity to the module and/or display, using either or both wired and wireless access technologies. Systems including the module convert power to the appropriate forms for delivery to the different devices, hardware, and components associated with the module. The modem and routing functions are configurable to provide separate security domains to isolate or direct traffic among the various networked devices.

Transmitting data over a VPN connection includes receiving, at a VPN concentrator, from a VPN user device, an initiation request of a first connection, initialized to have an initial MSS, from the VPN user device to a target. The first connection is terminated at the VPN concentrator. A second connection is established across a VPN tunnel between the VPN concentrator and the VPN user device. A third connection is established between the VPN concentrator and the target. A first MSS for the second connection and a second MSS for the third connection are set. One of the first MSS or the second MSS are set to prevent packet fragmentation due to VPN-related encapsulation. First data packets are transmitted between the VPN concentrator and the VPN user device using the first MSS. Second data packets are transmitted between the VPN concentrator and the target using the second MSS.

An information switch comprises a plurality of input circuits and a plurality of output circuits, the information switch being configured to communicate information units between the input circuits and the output circuits in successive transmission cycles; each input circuit being configured, in dependence upon a queue of one or more information units for transmission via that input circuit and in dependence upon hint data received in respect of a current transmission cycle, to send an information unit transmission request to one or more of the output circuits; and each output circuit being configured, in response to one or more information unit transmission requests received from respective input circuits, to select an input circuit for information unit transmission to that output circuit in a current transmission cycle and to provide hint data indicating a provisional selection, by that output circuit, of an input circuit at a next transmission cycle.

In an embodiment an interface unit includes a transmit pipeline configured to transmit egress data, and a receive pipeline configured to receive ingress data. At least one of the transmit pipeline and the receive pipeline being may be configured to provide shared resources to a plurality of ports. The shared resources may include at least one of a data path resource and a control logic resource.

In an example, a SDN controller may acquire a path maximum transmission unit (PMTU) of a Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) tunnel from a source VXLAN tunnel end point (VTEP) to a destination VTEP of a data packet, and may transmit a control entry to the source VTEP in such a way that an individual VXLAN packet has a length within the packet length corresponding to the PMTU.

A network interface device having an FPGA for providing an FPGA application. A first interface between a host computing device and the FPGA application is provided, allowing the FPGA application to make use of data-path operations provided by a transport engine on the network interface device, as well as communicate with the host. The FPGA application sends and receives data with the host via a memory that is memory mapped to a shared memory location in the host computing device, whilst the transport engine sends and receives data packets with the host via a second memory. A second interface is provided to interface the FPGA application and transport engine with the network, wherein the second interface is configured to back-pressure the transport engine.

A first terminal device has first data to be transmitted on a sidelink and has second data to be transmitted on an uplink. The first terminal device performs medium access control MAC protocol data unit PDU assembly on the first data or does not perform MAC PDU assembly on the first data based on a result of comparison between a transmission priority of the first data and a transmission priority of the second data.

A method and an apparatus for adjusting an amount of data to be assigned to a secondary base station in dual connectivity are provided. The method includes receiving, via an X2 interface between the first base station and a second base station from the second based station, first information on a buffer for an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) radio access bearer (E-RAB), second information on a buffer for a terminal which is associated with the first base station and the second base station, and third information on packets lost in X2 transmission between the first base station and the second base station, and adjusting an amount of data to be assigned to the second base station based on the first information, the second information and the third information.

A network interface device is connected to a host computer by having a memory controller, and a scatter-gather offload engine linked to the memory controller. The network interface device prepares a descriptor including a plurality of specified memory locations in the host computer, incorporates the descriptor in exactly one upload packet, transmits the upload packet to the scatter-gather offload engine via the uplink, invokes the scatter-gather offload engine to perform memory access operations cooperatively with the memory controller at the specified memory locations of the descriptor, and accepts results of the memory access operations.