An apparatus, a method, and a computer program for generating data packets according to a transport protocol from an application buffer comprising a plurality of data streams is provided. The apparatus comprises an input circuit configured to receive metadata comprising at least one of information about data packet types supported by the transport protocol, information about an offset and a length of the supported data packet types, and information about possible stream header start positions, possible payload start positions and possible offsets in the data streams. Further, the apparatus comprises a parsing circuit configured to identify offsets in an application buffer as possible segmentation points based on the metadata, to segment the application buffer at the possible segmentation points into segments for data packets, and to generate data packets according to the transport protocol based on the segments. Furthermore, an apparatus, a method and a computer program for processing the application buffer is provided.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, are described for storing message data in a PubSub system. In certain examples, the method includes storing messages of each of a plurality of channels in a writable portion of a respective buffer for the channel. The method may also include moving a pointer delineating a boundary between the writable portion and a readable portion of the buffer such that the messages are in the readable portion after the pointer has moved. The method may also include allowing one or more subscribers to read from the readable portion of one or more of the buffers during the storing.

A time slot designing device capable of outputting a correction location and a correction reason of a constraint relating to a slot allocation result that satisfies a corrected constraint is provided. A slot designing device 10 includes an output means 11 for outputting a correction constraint being a constraint as a correction target included in a constraint group relating to a constraint satisfaction problem from which a satisfiable solution is not derived, and a correction reason being a reason why the correction constraint is corrected; and a derivation means 12 for deriving a satisfiable solution of a constraint satisfaction problem generated based on the constraint group in which the output correction constraint is corrected. The derivation means 12 outputs information indicating the correction constraint and the correction reason that are output up until the satisfiable solution is derived.

Embodiments herein relate to a method in a first communication node (10) for transmitting a packet in a first packet network operated by a first network operator towards a destination node (10,12). The first communication node (10) is comprised in the first packet network. The first communication node (10) receives a packet with a first value related to resource sharing in a second packet network operated by a second network operator, wherein the first value indicates a level of importance of the packet relative importance of another packet along a scale of the second packet network. The first communication node (10) remarks the packet with a second value related to resource sharing in the first packet network, wherein the second value indicates a level of importance of the packet relative importance of another packet along a scale of the first packet network. The first communication node (10) transmits, over the first packet network, the remarked packet towards the destination node (10,12).

A switch for transmitting data packets between at least one source node and at least one target node is provided. The switch includes a storage unit, a control unit, at least one receiving port and at least one transmitting port. The storage unit includes a plurality of storage blocks and configured to cache the data packets. The control unit is configured to manage the storage blocks. The switch receives and caches the data packets transmitted from the at least one source node via the receiving port and transmits the cached data packets to the at least one target node via the transmitting port. A data accessing method adapted for the switch is also provided.

The present application discloses a method and device for forwarding a data message. A specific embodiment of the method comprises: receiving the data message and reading a data context length value of a first row in the data message; determining whether the data context length value is less than or equal to a maximum segment size in a single transmission according to a transmission control protocol; reading data from the data message in segments in response to the data context length value being less than or equal to the maximum segment size in the single transmission according to the transmission control protocol; reading data from the data message in rows in response to the data context length value being greater than the maximum segment size in the single transmission according to the transmission control protocol; and storing the read data in a user buffer, and sending the data in the user buffer to a terminal if the data in the user buffer exceeds a preset capacity threshold. According to this embodiment, the data messages can be quickly and efficiently forwarded.

A communication apparatus capable of efficiently creating transmission packets even when a free space of a storage unit storing transmission packet headers is insufficient includes a first storage unit to store a header of a transmission packet when the transmission packet is created in a first processing procedure, a first creation unit to create the transmission packet in the first processing procedure using the first storage unit, a second storage unit to store the transmission packet header when the transmission packet is created in a second processing procedure, a second creation unit to create the transmission packet in the second processing procedure using the second storage unit, and a control unit to control which one of the first and second creation units is used based on a data size necessary for the first creation unit to create the header and a free space of the first storage unit.

An apparatus and method for storing data traffic on a flow basis. The apparatus for storing data traffic on a flow basis includes a packet storage unit, a flow generation unit, and a metadata generation unit. The packet storage unit receives packets corresponding to data traffic, and temporarily stores the packets using queues. The flow generation unit generates flows by grouping the packets by means of a hash function using information about each of the packets as input, and to store the flows. The metadata generation unit generates metadata and index data corresponding to each of the flows, and stores the metadata and the index data.

A method performed by a wireless device for wirelessly transmitting a wake-up signal. The method includes wirelessly transmitting a legacy physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) to protect a wake-up receiver PPDU, wherein the legacy PPDU includes a preamble and a legacy frame, wherein the legacy frame includes a power management field that indicates that the wireless device is transitioning to a doze state to cause other wireless devices to refrain from transmitting to the wireless device and wirelessly transmitting a wake-up receiver PPDU after transmitting the legacy PPDU.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, are described for storing message data in a PubSub system. In certain examples, messages are received from a plurality of publishers for a plurality of channels. The messages are stored in a writable portion of a respective buffer for the channel according to an order, wherein messages in the writable portion of the buffer are inaccessible to subscribers. The method may also include advancing a pointer demarcating a boundary between the writable portion and a readable portion of the buffer such that the message is in the readable portion after the pointer has advanced.