Disclosed are high-density energy directing devices and systems thereof for two-dimensional, stereoscopic, light field and holographic head-mounted displays. In general, the head-mounted display system includes one or more energy devices and one or more energy relay elements, each energy relay element having a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is disposed in energy propagation paths of the one or more energy devices and the second surface of each of the one or more energy relay elements is arranged to form a singular seamless energy surface. A separation between edges of any two adjacent second surfaces is less than a minimum perceptible contour as defined by the visual acuity of a human eye having better than 20/40 vision at a distance from the singular seamless energy surface, the distance being greater than the lesser of: half of a height of the singular seamless energy surface, or half of a width of the singular seamless energy surface.

Disclosed are high-density energy directing devices and systems thereof for two-dimensional, stereoscopic, light field and holographic head-mounted displays. In general, the head-mounted display system includes one or more energy devices and one or more energy relay elements, each energy relay element having a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is disposed in energy propagation paths of the one or more energy devices and the second surface of each of the one or more energy relay elements is arranged to form a singular seamless energy surface. A separation between edges of any two adjacent second surfaces is less than a minimum perceptible contour as defined by the visual acuity of a human eye having better than 20/40 vision at a distance from the singular seamless energy surface, the distance being greater than the lesser of: half of a height of the singular seamless energy surface, or half of a width of the singular seamless energy surface.

A holographic display apparatus includes a spatial light modulator configured to generate hologram patterns to modulate light; an illuminator configured to emit the light to the spatial light modulator; and a controller configured to control operations of the spatial light modulator and the illuminator, the spatial light modulator being configured to generate, from among the hologram patterns, a first hologram pattern and a second hologram pattern according to the control operations of the controller, the first hologram pattern and the second hologram pattern being configured to form a first hologram image and a second hologram image having different viewpoints, and the controller being configured to set a first phase modulation value of the first hologram pattern and a second phase modulation value of the second hologram pattern to be different from each other such that hologram images having different viewpoints are formed.

Disclosed are energy systems configured to direct energy according to a four-dimensional (4D) plenoptic function. In general, the energy systems include a plurality of energy devices, an energy relay system having one or more relay elements arranged to form a singular seamless energy surface, and an energy waveguide system such that energy can be relayed along energy propagation paths through the energy waveguide system to the singular seamless energy surface or from the singular seamless energy surface through the energy relay system to the plurality of energy devices.

Holographic energy directing systems may include a waveguide array and a relay element. Disclosed calibration approaches allows for mapping of energy locations and mapping of energy locations to angular direction of energy as defined in a four-dimensional plenopic system. Distortions due to the waveguide array and relay element may also be compensated.

Holographic energy directing systems may include a waveguide array and a relay element. Disclosed calibration approaches allows for mapping of energy locations and mapping of energy locations to angular direction of energy as defined in a four-dimensional plenoptic system. Distortions due to the waveguide array and relay element may also be compensated.

Cameras are located within the display area of a display. In-display cameras allow for thinner display bezels. In-display cameras allow for the creation of ultra-high resolution images. The ability to capture an object from multiple perspectives allows for holographic image recording and playback. Multiple views of an image can be captured with varying depths of focus, allowing an image's depth of field to be adjusted during post processing. In-display cameras can also be used for user authentication, touch detection and three-dimensional gesture recognition. Thermal sensors located within the display area allow for control of the display temperature, improved control over system performance, and compensation for micro-LED degradation that can occur due to aging or increased temperature. Microlens assemblies located above pixels can adjust the viewing cone angle of the display or a portion of the display and microassemblies located under individual pixels or pixel arrays can adjust a viewing angle.

Cameras are located within the display area of a display. In-display cameras allow for thinner display bezels. In-display cameras allow for the creation of ultra-high resolution images. The ability to capture an object from multiple perspectives allows for holographic image recording and playback. Multiple views of an image can be captured with varying depths of focus, allowing an image's depth of field to be adjusted during post processing. In-display cameras can also be used for user authentication, touch detection and three-dimensional gesture recognition. Thermal sensors located within the display area allow for control of the display temperature, improved control over system performance, and compensation for micro-LED degradation that can occur due to aging or increased temperature. Microlens assemblies located above pixels can adjust the viewing cone angle of the display or a portion of the display and microassemblies located under individual pixels or pixel arrays can adjust a viewing angle.

Disclosed embodiments include an energy directing device having one or more energy relay elements configured to direct energy from one or more energy locations through the device. In an embodiment, surfaces of the one or more energy relay elements may form a singular seamless energy surface where a separation between adjacent energy relay element surfaces is less than a minimum perceptible contour. In disclosed embodiments, energy is produced at energy locations having an active energy surface and a mechanical envelope. In an embodiment, the energy directing device is configured to relay energy from the energy locations through the singular seamless energy surface while minimizing separation between energy locations due to their mechanical envelope. In embodiments, the energy relay elements may comprise energy relays utilizing transverse Anderson localization phenomena.

Disclosed are high-density energy directing devices and systems thereof for two-dimensional, stereoscopic, light field and holographic head-mounted displays. In general, the head-mounted display system includes one or more energy devices and one or more energy relay elements, each energy relay element having a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is disposed in energy propagation paths of the one or more energy devices and the second surface of each of the one or more energy relay elements is arranged to form a singular seamless energy surface. A separation between edges of any two adjacent second surfaces is less than a minimum perceptible contour as defined by the visual acuity of a human eye having better than 20/40 vision at a distance from the singular seamless energy surface, the distance being greater than the lesser of: half of a height of the singular seamless energy surface, or half of a width of the singular seamless energy surface.