A temporal sequence of pictures is generated in a method for encoding of a first video stream. To do so, a synchronization signal can be used, which can be derived from a second video stream independently of the first video stream. Alternatively, the encoding of a second video stream independent of the first video stream can be based on the same principle as for the encoding of the first video stream.

The present invention includes an image information decoding method which comprises: a step of receiving a bitstream that includes a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit including information related to an encoded image; and a step of parsing an NAL unit header of the NAL unit. The NAL unit header includes layer information including reserved_one_5bits for identifying an extended layer in an extended bitstream and temporal_id for identifying a temporal layer of a bitstream. The reserved_one_5bits of the layer information is received prior to the temporal_id of the layer information. Thus, a method for describing scalability information in a hierarchical bitstream is provided.

The present invention includes an image information decoding method which comprises: a step of receiving a bitstream that includes a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit including information related to an encoded image; and a step of parsing an NAL unit header of the NAL unit. The NAL unit header includes layer information including reserved_one_5bits for identifying an extended layer in an extended bitstream and temporal_id for identifying a temporal layer of a bitstream. The reserved_one_5bits of the layer information is received prior to the temporal_id of the layer information. Thus, a method for describing scalability information in a hierarchical bitstream is provided.

An encoder which encodes a video including a plurality of pictures includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry performs: encoding a first picture among the plurality of pictures; and performing (i) a first operation for encoding a parameter set for a second picture which follows the first picture in coding order among the plurality of pictures after encoding the first picture, and encoding the second picture after encoding the parameter set, or (ii) a second operation for encoding the second picture without encoding the parameter set after encoding the first picture. The circuitry performs the first operation when the second picture is a determined picture, in the performing of the first operation or the second operation.

An encoder which encodes a video including a plurality of pictures includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry performs: encoding a first picture among the plurality of pictures; and performing (i) a first operation for encoding a parameter set for a second picture which follows the first picture in coding order among the plurality of pictures after encoding the first picture, and encoding the second picture after encoding the parameter set, or (ii) a second operation for encoding the second picture without encoding the parameter set after encoding the first picture. The circuitry performs the first operation when the second picture is a determined picture, in the performing of the first operation or the second operation.

Several techniques for video encoding and video decoding are described. One example method includes performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video including one or more output layer sets (OLSs) according to a rule. The rule specifies that a subpicture level information (SLI) supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message includes information about a level of subpicture sequences in a set of coded video sequences of the one or more OLSs to which the SLI SEI message applies. A syntax structure of the SLI SEI message includes at least (1) a first syntax element specifying a maximum number of sublayers for the subpicture sequences and (2) a second syntax element specifying whether level information for the subpicture sequences is present for one or more sublayer representations.

Disclosed are a video processing method and apparatus, and a device, a decoder, a system and a storage medium, applied to a video device. The method comprises: obtaining a video sequence of a first resolution, the video sequence comprising at least one video frame; and inputting the video sequence into a super-resolution network model to obtain a target video sequence of a second resolution, wherein the super-resolution network model at least comprises a first sub-network model and a second sub-network model, the first sub-network model is used for improving the resolution of the video sequence, and the second sub-network model is used for improving the quality of at least one image frame in the output result of the first sub-network model.

Disclosed are a video processing method and apparatus, and a device, a decoder, a system and a storage medium, applied to a video device. The method comprises: obtaining a video sequence of a first resolution, the video sequence comprising at least one video frame; and inputting the video sequence into a super-resolution network model to obtain a target video sequence of a second resolution, wherein the super-resolution network model at least comprises a first sub-network model and a second sub-network model, the first sub-network model is used for improving the resolution of the video sequence, and the second sub-network model is used for improving the quality of at least one image frame in the output result of the first sub-network model.

In an example method, a system receives a plurality of frames of a video, and generates a data structure representing the video and representing a plurality of temporal layers. Generating the data structure includes: (i) determining a plurality of quality levels for presenting the video, where each of the quality levels corresponds to a different respective sampling period for sampling the frames of the video, (ii) assigning, based on the sampling periods, each of the frames to a respective one of the temporal layers of the data structure, and (iii) indicating, in the data structure, one or more relationships between (a) at least one the frames assigned to at least one of the temporal layers of the data structure, and (b) at least another one of the frames assigned to at least another one of the temporal layers of the data structure. Further, the system outputs the data structure.

The present invention relates to an image information decoding method. The decoding method includes receiving a bit stream including a Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) unit that includes information related to encoded image, and parsing a NAL unit header of the NAL unit. The NAL unit header may not include 1 bit flag information that represents whether a picture is a non-reference picture or a reference picture in the entire bit stream during encoding.