A method comprising: encoding at least four bitstream versions of a same content divided into segments of independently coded tile sets representing a plurality of spatial regions, wherein a first and a second bitstream comprise independently coded tile sets encoded at a first quality, and a third and a fourth bitstream comprise independently coded tile sets encoded at a second quality, wherein the first and the third bitstream have first random access picture interval and the second and the fourth bitstream have second random access picture interval, which is an integer multiple of the first random access picture interval; grouping the independently coded tile sets of all four bitstreams representing a common spatial region into a plurality of groups of collocated sub-picture tracks, wherein only one of said tile sets per group is intended to be received and/or decoded per any segment; and generating at least one instruction for merging tile sets of different spatial locations into at least one coded picture, the at least one instruction causing a tile set originating from a random access picture to be decoded as a tile set originating from anon-random-access picture when merged with a tile set originating from a non-random-access picture.

A video encoder or video decoder can be configured to obtain multi-layer video data that includes at least a first layer and a second layer; determine a layer identification value for the first layer and a layer identification value for the second layer, wherein the layer identification value for the second layer is higher than the layer identification value for the first layer; store decoded pictures of the first layer and decoded pictures of the second layer in a decoded picture buffer; and in response to determining that a picture of a layer is an instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture, remove from the decoded picture buffer, all decoded pictures of a layer the IDR picture belongs to, while leaving in the decoded picture buffer all decoded pictures with layer identifications lower than a layer identification of the layer the IDR picture belongs to.

A video encoder or video decoder can be configured to obtain multi-layer video data that includes at least a first layer and a second layer; determine a layer identification value for the first layer and a layer identification value for the second layer, wherein the layer identification value for the second layer is higher than the layer identification value for the first layer; store decoded pictures of the first layer and decoded pictures of the second layer in a decoded picture buffer; and in response to determining that a picture of a layer is an instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture, remove from the decoded picture buffer, all decoded pictures of a layer the IDR picture belongs to, while leaving in the decoded picture buffer all decoded pictures with layer identifications lower than a layer identification of the layer the IDR picture belongs to.

Embodiments include an overlay multicast network. The overlay multicast network may provide a set of features to ensure reliable and timely arrival of multicast data. The embodiments include a congestion control system that may prioritize designated layers of data within a data stream over other layers of the same data stream. Each data stream transmitted over the network may be given an equal share of the bandwidth. Addressing in routing tables maintained by routers may utilize summarized addressing based on the difference in location of the router and destination address. Summarization levels may be adjusted to minimize travel distances for packets in the network. Data from high priority data stream layers may also be retransmitted upon request from a destination machine to ensure reliable delivery of data.

Embodiments include an overlay multicast network. The overlay multicast network may provide a set of features to ensure reliable and timely arrival of multicast data. The embodiments include a congestion control system that may prioritize designated layers of data within a data stream over other layers of the same data stream. Each data stream transmitted over the network may be given an equal share of the bandwidth. Addressing in routing tables maintained by routers may utilize summarized addressing based on the difference in location of the router and destination address. Summarization levels may be adjusted to minimize travel distances for packets in the network. Data from high priority data stream layers may also be retransmitted upon request from a destination machine to ensure reliable delivery of data.

Generating a media file, by generating a first data structure assigning a subset of samples of a track to one or more sample groups, each sample of the subset comprising one or more network abstraction layer (NAL) units; generating a second data structure for describing each of the one or more sample groups, the first and second data structures comprising a first grouping type indicating a mapping between NAL units and the one or more sample groups, the second data structure associating a sample group identifier to a NAL unit; generating a third data structure for describing a tile region, the third data structure comprising a second grouping type indicating that the samples of the track comprise one or more tile regions; and, generating a media file including the samples and including a metadata part, the metadata part comprising the first, second and third data structures, and the metadata part comprising a reference grouping type for linking the second and third data structures.

This disclosure provides an image encoding method and apparatus and an image decoding method and apparatus. For a to-be-encoded image in a to-be-encoded video sequence, a reference image may be selected from at least one knowledge-base image in a knowledge-base image set. In addition, bitstream data of the to-be-encoded image includes identification information used to identify the reference image of the to-be-encoded image.

A method for remote operation of a robot, preferably including: recording a set of sensor streams; transmitting a transmission stream; selecting a received stream for display; and/or displaying the selected stream. A system, preferably including a robot and a remote operation system connected to the robot by one or more communication networks.

A method for remote operation of a robot, preferably including: recording a set of sensor streams; transmitting a transmission stream; selecting a received stream for display; and/or displaying the selected stream. A system, preferably including a robot and a remote operation system connected to the robot by one or more communication networks.

Techniques related to immersive video coding are discussed. Such techniques include encoding an immersive video bitstream by applying scalable video coding to some portions of the immersive video and multiple description coding to other portions of the immersive video and decoding and/or rendering the immersive video bitstream using selective scalable video coding and multiple description coding responsive to indicators in the bitstream.