An endoscope system includes a light source unit, an image sensor, an image acquisition unit, a first image generation unit, a second image generation unit, and a region discrimination unit. The light source unit emits a plurality of types of illumination light beams with different wavelengths. The image acquisition unit acquires images corresponding to the respective illumination light beams. The first image generation unit generates a first image (white light image) serving as a base of a display image. The second image generation unit generates a second image (bright/dark region discrimination image or the like), using at least one image having a different corresponding wavelength from that of the image used for the generation of the first image. The region discrimination unit discriminates the regions in the observation target, using the second image.

A pixel array including; color filter array (CFA) cells, each respectively including CFA blocks, each CFA block including color pixels, and the color pixels include a sub-block. The sub-block includes at least one first color pixel sensing a first color, at least one second color pixel sensing a second color different from the first color, and at least one third color pixel sensing a third color different from the first color and the second color.

A method for generating a panoramic image is disclosed. The method includes receiving a three-dimensional model of a target space and an initial panoramic image of the target space, the initial panoramic image having a latitude span less than a preset latitude span; determining a first set of coordinate parameters of a camera associated with the initial panoramic image and with respect to a reference frame associated with the three-dimensional model; mapping, based on the first set of coordinate parameters of the camera, data points of the three-dimensional model to a camera coordinate system associated with the camera to obtain an intermediate panoramic image; and obtaining a final panoramic image by merging the initial panoramic image and the intermediate panoramic image, the final panoramic image having a latitude span greater than or equal to the preset latitude span.

Provided is an imaging device (1) capable of improving quality of an image captured using a color filter. An imaging device according to an embodiment includes a pixel array (110) including a plurality of pixel blocks (130) each including 6×6 pixels, and each pixel block includes a first pixel on which a first optical filter that transmits light in a first wavelength range is provided, a second pixel on which a second optical filter that transmits light in a second wavelength range is provided, a third pixel on which a third optical filter that transmits light in a third wavelength range is provided, and a fourth pixel on which a fourth optical filter that transmits light in a fourth wavelength range is provided. The first pixels are alternately arranged in each of a row direction and a column direction of the arrangement, one second pixel, one third pixel, and one fourth pixels are alternately arranged in each row and each column of the arrangement, and the pixel block further includes a line including at least one second pixel, one third pixel, and one fourth pixel in a first oblique direction that is parallel to a diagonal of the pixel block of the arrangement, and a line including at least one second pixel, one third pixel, and one fourth pixel in a second oblique direction that is parallel to a diagonal of the pixel block and is different from the first oblique direction.

An imaging apparatus includes an image sensor, a filter array disposed on an optical path from a target object to the image sensor and including two-dimensionally-arranged optical filters, and a processing circuit that generates at least four pieces of spectral image data based on an image acquired by the image sensor. The optical filters include various types of optical filters with different spectral transmittance. Each of the at least four pieces of spectral image data indicates an image corresponding to one of at least four wavelength bands. The filter array includes at least one characteristic section. The processing circuit detects a relative position between the filter array and the image sensor based on the at least one characteristic section in the image acquired by the image sensor, and compensates for deviation between the relative position and a preliminarily-set relative position when the processing circuit detects the deviation.

A submersible vehicle comprising: an image sensor; a first illuminator; at least one hardware processor operatively coupled with said image sensor and first illuminator, and the at least one hardware processor being configured to: acquire a first image of a scene inside a medium, when there is no object along the line-of-sight (LOS), under illumination from a first location or orientation, acquire a second image of the scene inside the medium, when there is no object along the LOS, under illumination from a second, different location or orientation, and compute attenuation coefficients, one per color channel, based on backscatter in the first and second images.

An optical camera system includes a first lens driving mechanism, a second lens driving mechanism, and a casing. The first lens driving mechanism includes a first outer frame and a first driving assembly. The first driving assembly is configured to drive a first optical component to move relative to the first outer frame. The second lens driving mechanism includes a second outer frame and a second driving assembly. The second driving assembly is configured to drive a second optical component to move relative to the second outer frame. The casing has at least three side walls perpendicular to each other, at least two side walls of the first outer frame face two side walls of the casing, and at least two side walls of the second outer frame face two side walls of the casing.

A method of reducing noise in an input image by setting, as a local window among color pixels included in the input image, a target pixel and neighboring pixels adjacent to the target pixel, determining color pixel values for the target pixel and each of the neighboring pixels included in the local window, generating local color average values are generated by averaging, color by color, the color pixel values, generating offset color pixel values by converting the color pixel values of the target pixel and the neighboring pixels based on the local color average values, and generating a compensated color pixel value of the target pixel by adjusting the color pixel value of the target pixel based on the offset color pixel values.

An image sensing device includes a pixel array including a plurality of pixels, each of pixels configured to generate a pixel signal corresponding to intensity of incident light, and a plurality of grid structures, each grid structure disposed to overlap with a boundary between adjacent pixels among the plurality of pixels and configured to include an air layer so as to optically isolate the adjacent pixels. Each of the grid structures includes regions that form a cross shape.

Embodiments relate to correcting pixels of images captured using a quadra image sensor. A defect detection circuit analyzes the pixels in the captured image and determines whether a pixel is defective. The defect detection circuit generates a first defect indication by determining whether pixel data of a pixel under test is brighter or darker by a first threshold value than pixel data of pixels in pixel tiles surrounding the pixel tile corresponding to the pixel under test. Moreover, the defect detection circuit generates a second defect indication by determining whether pixel data of the pixel under test is brighter or darker by a second threshold value than pixel data of other pixels in the pixel tile corresponding to the pixel under test. Using the first and second defect indications, the defect detection circuit identifies whether the pixel data of the pixel under test is defective.