An imaging device may code light, passing through an imaging optical lens arranged in a multi-lens array (MLA), and may transmit the light to a sensing element, and the sensing element may restore an image based on sensed information.

Provided are an image processing apparatus, an image processing method, and an image processing program capable of achieving high accuracy in an index representing vegetation. An image processing apparatus (1) includes a normal map generation unit (12) and a reflection characteristic model generation unit (18). The normal map generation unit (12) obtains a normal vector characteristic based on a polarized image acquired. The reflection characteristic model generation unit (18) estimates a reflection characteristic model based on the normal vector characteristic obtained by the normal map generation unit (12).

An image sensor includes multiple photoelectric conversion elements and multiple individual color filters to generate multiple colors. The multiple individual color filters are arranged corresponding to the multiple photoelectric conversion elements, respectively. At least one of the multiple individual color filters includes a primary color type individual color filter. The primary color type individual color filter allows light of a corresponding primary color to permeate. The primary color type individual color filter has a first given transmittance for one of other primary colors other than the corresponding primary color, at which one of the other primary colors permeates the primary color type individual color filter. The first given transmittance is higher than a lower limit of a transmittance improving a sensitivity of the image sensor.

An image sensing device includes a pixel array including a plurality of pixels, each of pixels configured to generate a pixel signal corresponding to intensity of incident light, and a plurality of grid structures, each grid structure disposed to overlap with a boundary between adjacent pixels among the plurality of pixels and configured to include an air layer so as to optically isolate the adjacent pixels. Each of the grid structures includes regions that form a cross shape.

A second substrate including a pixel circuit that outputs a pixel signal on a basis of electric charges outputted from the sensor pixel and a third substrate including a processing circuit that performs signal processing on the pixel signal are provided. The first substrate, the second substrate, and the third substrate are stacked in this order. A semiconductor layer including the pixel circuit is divided by an insulating layer. The insulating layer divides the semiconductor layer to allow a center position of a continuous region of the semiconductor layer or a center position of a region that divides the semiconductor layer to correspond to a position of an optical center of the sensor pixel, in at least one direction on a plane of the sensor pixel perpendicular to an optical axis direction.

An image capturing element according to the present disclosure includes a pixel array formed by a plurality of pixels arranged in an array on a substrate, each of the plurality of pixels including a photoelectric conversion element, a transparent layer formed on the pixel array, and a spectroscopic element array formed by a plurality of spectroscopic elements arranged in an array, and each of the plurality of spectroscopic elements is at a position corresponding to one of the plurality of spectroscopic elements inside or on the transparent layer. Each of the plurality of spectroscopic elements includes a plurality of microstructures formed from a material having a refractive index higher than a refractive index of the transparent layer. The plurality of microstructures have a microstructure pattern. Each of the plurality of spectroscopic elements separates incident light into deflected light beams having different propagation directions according to the wavelength and emits the deflected light beams.

An image sensor and a method of operating the same are provided. The image sensor includes a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type; a photoelectric conversion region provided in the semiconductor substrate and doped to have a second conductivity type; a first floating diffusion region provided to receive photocharges accumulated in the photoelectric conversion region; a transfer gate electrode disposed between and connected to the first floating diffusion region and the photoelectric conversion region; a dual conversion gain transistor disposed between and connected to the first floating diffusion region and a second floating diffusion region; and a reset transistor disposed between and connected to the second floating diffusion region and a pixel power voltage region, wherein a channel region of the reset transistor has a potential gradient increasing in a direction from the second floating diffusion region toward the pixel power voltage region.

An image sensor of the present disclosure includes a two-dimensional pixel array in which a plurality of pixels including photoelectric conversion elements are arranged in the form of an array on a substrate, a transparent layer formed on the two-dimensional pixel array, and a two-dimensional spectroscopic element array in which a plurality of spectroscopic elements are arranged in the form of an array inside or on the transparent layer. Each spectroscopic element includes a plurality of microstructures made of a material having a higher refractive index than a refractive index of the transparent layer. The plurality of microstructures have a microstructure pattern. Each of the spectroscopic elements splits incident light into first to fourth deflected lights, which have different transmission directions, according to the wavelength region. A first to fourth pixels, which are adjacent to each other and are located directly below each of the spectroscopic elements, respectively detect the first to fourth deflected lights.

There is provided an electronic device capable of suppressing a decrease in resolution of a captured image while increasing types of information obtained by an imaging unit. An electronic device includes an imaging unit that includes a plurality of pixel groups each including two adjacent pixels, in which at least one first pixel group of the plurality of pixel groups includes a first lens that condenses incident light, a first photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts a part of the incident light condensed through the first lens, and a second photoelectric conversion unit different from the first photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts a part of the incident light condensed through the first lens, and at least one second pixel group different from the first pixel group among the plurality of pixel groups includes a second lens that condenses incident light, a third photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts the incident light condensed through the second lens, and a third lens different from the second lens that condenses the incident light, a fourth photoelectric conversion unit different from the third photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts the incident light condensed through the third lens.

There is provided an electronic device capable of suppressing a decrease in resolution of a captured image while increasing types of information obtained by an imaging unit. An electronic device includes an imaging unit that includes a plurality of pixel groups each including two adjacent pixels, in which at least one first pixel group of the plurality of pixel groups includes a first lens that condenses incident light, a first photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts a part of the incident light condensed through the first lens, and a second photoelectric conversion unit different from the first photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts a part of the incident light condensed through the first lens, and at least one second pixel group different from the first pixel group among the plurality of pixel groups includes a second lens that condenses incident light, a third photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts the incident light condensed through the second lens, and a third lens different from the second lens that condenses the incident light, a fourth photoelectric conversion unit different from the third photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts the incident light condensed through the third lens.