Method and apparatus for application server change are disclosed. A method comprises obtaining information on application server change for an application when server changes to a target application server; and making decision to inform UE to rediscover the target application server for the application or configure UPF to steer traffic to and from the target application server for the application

A method of building an ad-hoc network of a wireless relay node and an ad-hoc network system are disclosed. The method includes verifying state information representing a relative distance and angle to a neighboring node capable of receiving data when each of relay nodes transmits the data, determining an action representing a change over time of each relay node, determining, based on an amount of change in a network throughput determined according to the state information and an amount of energy consumption according to the action, a reward corresponding to the action, and building a network including a source node, a destination node, and a plurality of relay nodes by generating, based on a reward of each of the relay nodes, a policy that allows a cumulative reward to be maximized.

A group communications method and system, and a device are provided. The method includes: when a first terminal initiates access to a local area network group, obtaining, by a group management function network element, an identifier of a first user plane network element to be accessed by the first terminal, context information of the local area network group, and a first session port identifier; creating, for the local area network group, a rule group applied to a first session port, and creating or updating, for the local area network group based on the context information, a local area network group forwarding action rule (FAR) applied to the first user plane network element; and sending a first message to a session management network element, for configuring the rule group on the first session port, and configuring the local area network group FAR on the first user plane network element.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a policy control function (PCF) entity for managing policies may be provided. The PCF entity may transmit, to a user equipment via an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), URSP information including first data network name (DNN) information, identify a triggering event for updating the URSP, transmit, to the user equipment via the AMF based on the identified triggering event, updated URSP information including second DNN information, transmit, when transmitting the updated URSP information including the second DNN information, a Session Management Function (SMF) selection management trigger message to the AMF, and receive a user equipment policy update request message from the AMF when a request from the AMF for at least one of a first DNN corresponding to the first DNN information or a third DNN is detected.

Embodiments are directed towards embodiments are directed toward systems and methods for user plane function (UPF) and network slice load balancing within a 5G network. Example embodiments include systems and methods for load balancing based on current UPF load and thresholds that depend on UPF capacity; UPF load balancing using predicted throughput of new UE on the network based on network data analytics; UPF load balancing based on special considerations for low latency traffic; UPF load balancing supporting multiple slices, maintaining several load-thresholds for each UPF and each slice depending on the UPF and network slice capacity; and UPF load balancing using predicted central processing unit (CPU) utilization and/or predicted memory utilization of new UE on the network based on network data analytics.

Embodiments of this application disclose a method for configuring a sidelink relay architecture and a terminal, so as to resolve a problem that a remote terminal cannot obtain a sidelink configuration for the sidelink relay architecture. The method can be applied to a remote terminal, and includes: determining a sidelink configuration for the sidelink relay architecture based on at least one of the following: pre-configuration information; a system message received from a camping cell or serving cell; first configuration information from a relay terminal; and second configuration information from a network-side device.

A network system includes a main network implementing a conventional network protocol and a BPD subtree implementing a custom network protocol. The main network comprises a plurality of MPD nodes, the conventional network protocol being configured for MPD nodes. The BPD subtree comprises a plurality of BPD nodes, the custom network protocol being configured for BPD nodes. The custom network protocol defines smaller and simpler subtrees relative to the conventional network protocol. As a result, the custom network protocol defines less complex functions relative to the conventional network protocol, including functions for discovery, messaging, and loop management. A root node of the BPD subtree is connected with an MPD node of the main network and one or more descendant nodes of the BPD subtree. The root node implements the conventional network protocol and the custom network protocol.

A method for a wireless network, including a node and a first device covered by the node, the node acting as serving node for the first device, and the first device transmitting first data to the node over a first link, includes determining presence of a second device covered by the node, the second device transmitting second data to a serving node over a second link, determining radio quality of the first link, determining radio quality of the second link, and determining radio quality of a third link between the second device and the first device. If the radio quality of the third link is higher than the radio quality of the second link, the second device transmits the second data to the first device over the third link and the first device retransmits, over the first link, the second data to the node.

A system and method for hybrid any-cast (unicast, multicast and anycast) routing in a mobile ad hoc communication network (MANET) is disclosed. In embodiments, each communication node of the MANET may implement on-demand routing functions whereby the node does not establish or maintain routes to destination nodes unless there is active communication, discovering routes via flooding of data packets in transit. Each communication node may select, or may transition from on-demand to, proactive routing functions. Proactive nodes first establish routes to clusters of other proactive nodes by flooding, and receiving acknowledgments from, the other proactive nodes. Each cluster of proactive nodes maintains routes within the cluster and establishes communication routes outside the cluster by flooding and relaying of routing status messages via clusterhead and gateway nodes. A single MANET can support clusters of proactive nodes within a network of on-demand nodes and dynamic transitions between proactive and on-demand status.

A D2D communication device (10) receives a D2D communication message transmitted on a direct wireless link (21) from a first other D2D communication device (10) to a second other D2D communication device (10). The D2D communication message comprises at least one identifier of the first other D2D communication device. Based on the at least one identifier, the D2D communication device controls establishment of a direct wireless link (22) between the D2D communication device (10) and the first other D2D communication device (10).