Discussed are a surface type heating element which generates heat using electricity and a method of manufacturing the surface type heating element. The surface type heating element includes a NiCr alloy and has an oxygen content of 1 to 4 wt %, so that it can be used even at a high operating temperature of 400° C. or more, suppresses the elution of the material itself, has high fracture toughness, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and heat resistance, and furthermore, ensures conductivity by having improved adhesive strength with respect to at least one of a substrate and an insulating layer, and controlled electrical resistivity.

Discussed is a surface type heating element including a surface type heating element layer including NiCr alloy powders, necks between powder particles of the NiCr alloy powders, and passivation oxide layers formed on a surface of the NiCr alloy powders.

This application provides an aerosol generation device and a control method thereof. The aerosol generation device includes, a housing, provided with a through hole and an air inlet; a cavity, where an aerosol-forming substrate is received in the cavity or removed from the cavity through the through hole; a heater, configured to heat the aerosol-forming substrate received in the cavity; a heat drain device, arranged on a gas flow path extending between the air inlet and the through hole; and a circuit, configured to, after the heater starts for heating and before the heater enters an inhalation stage, control the heat drain device to start operation to drain hot air generated by heating out of the housing along the gas flow path. Before a smoker inhales on the aerosol generation device, the heat drain device drains an aerosol comprising vapor out of the housing.

A surface heater including a substrate, an insulating layer positioned on the substrate, and a heater layer positioned on the insulating layer, wherein the insulating layer and the heating layer are co-fired.

Discussed are a surface type heating element which generates heat using electricity and a method of manufacturing the surface type heating element. The surface type heating element includes a NiCr alloy and has an oxygen content of 1 to 4 wt %, so that it can be used even at a high operating temperature of 400 C. or more, suppresses the elution of the material itself, has high fracture toughness, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and heat resistance, and furthermore, ensures conductivity by having improved adhesive strength with respect to at least one of a substrate and an insulating layer, and controlled electrical resistivity.

In one example, an article is provided for use with an apparatus for generating an aerosol using an irradiative light source. The article has smokable material in combination with a transparent window through which light can pass. In another example, apparatus for generating an aerosol has an irradiative light source located in the apparatus. At least one optical component manipulates light emitted in use by the irradiative light source. A receptacle accommodates smokable material and receives light emitted in use by the irradiative light source. A transparent window is arranged between the receptacle and the at least one optical component. A combination of an apparatus for generating an aerosol and an article is also disclosed.

A system for coating removal comprises a frame having a platform extending within the frame. A plurality of heat lamps are mounted on the platform. The plurality of heat lamps are arranged to provide a heat density of at least 40 watts per square inch. A method of removing a coating is also disclosed.

A heat lamp is provided that minimizes visual obstructions between an individual and a food service line, while more evenly distributing heat across food. The heat energy penetrates into the food and does not merely heat the surface. Different heating capabilities can be provided by locating the lamp head at different positions over a large adjustable height range. Additional lighting elements provide illumination to heated surfaces to improve visual appeal. Each heat lamp on a service line may be connected to an adjacent heat lamp through built-in power receptacles. The surfaces of the heat lamp are sealed and/or made of easily cleaned substances and have features compliant to one or more industry standards. The heat lamp may be easily transportable and may be resistant to damage.

A wax warming cup for use in relation to a wax warming device has a bottom wall and a side wall that extends from the bottom wall to a top edge. The side wall has a transition point where the diameter of the side wall is the greatest. The top edge has at least a portion having a diameter less than the diameter of the transition point.

In a hair styling device (20) comprising a heat source (21, 23) for heating hair by conduction via direct contact between a hair contact surface of the heat source (21, 23) and the hair, and an optical radiation source (21) forin combination with heat from the heat source (21, 23)heating the hair to a temperature sufficiently high for hair styling by absorption of optical radiation by the hair, the heat source (21, 23) obtains heat from energy provided by the optical radiation source (21), and in a preferred embodiment, only from the optical radiation source (21). Advantageously, the heat source (21, 23) may include a heat bridge (22) coupled to a heat sink of the optical radiation source (21), the heat bridge (22) having the hair contact surface for heating the hair. The optical radiation source (21, 31) may advantageously be covered by a cover (23) that is not fully transparent, whereby optical radiation energy is transformed into thermal energy, the heat source including the cover (23), the cover (23) having the hair contact surface for heating the hair. The cover (23) may advantageously be largely transparent for wavelengths effective for hair styling, while the cover (23) is largely not transparent for wavelengths less effective for hair styling. Advantageously, the optical radiation source (21) may be covered by a cover (23) that is heated by the heat source (22).