In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a radio frequency (RF) generator that is to generate a RF signal, first and second electrodes, and an impedance match module in series between the RF generator and the first electrode. The RF generator detects reflected power from the RF signal applied to a load electrically coupled between the first and second electrodes to change a temperature of the load, the RF signal to be applied to the load until the reflected power reaches a particular value.

In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a radio frequency (RF) generator that is to generate a RF signal, first and second electrodes, and an impedance match module in series between the RF generator and the first electrode. The RF generator detects reflected power from the RF signal applied to a load electrically coupled between the first and second electrodes to change a temperature of the load, the RF signal to be applied to the load until the reflected power reaches a particular value.

A system and method for defrosting a load are presented. Radio frequency (RF) signals are supplied to a transmission path that is electrically coupled to one or more electrodes that are positioned proximate to a cavity to cause the one or more electrodes to radiate RF electromagnetic energy. An RF power value of the RF signal along the transmission path is periodically measured resulting in RF power values and a rate of change of the RF power values is determined. A low-loss indicator value is determined using the RF power values, wherein the low-loss indicator value is at least partially determined by a dielectric loss of a load in the cavity. A controller determines, using the rate of change of the RF power values and the low-loss indicator value, that the load is in a defrosted state and stops supplying the RF signals.

A shisha system comprising an aerosol-generating article (90) and a shisha device (50). The aerosol-generating article (90) comprises an aerosol-forming substrate (92). The shisha system further comprises a first electrode (15) and a second electrode (16). The shisha device (50) comprises a liquid cavity (54) configured to contain a volume of liquid, the liquid cavity (54) having a head space outlet (60); an article cavity (14) configured to receive an aerosol-forming substrate (92), the article cavity (14) being in fluid communication with the liquid cavity (54). The shisha device further comprises an oscillation circuit (10) configured for connection to the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16). The oscillation circuit (10) is configured to supply a radio frequency (RF) alternating voltage to the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16), the RF voltage between the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16) generating an alternating radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field between the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16) for heating the aerosol-forming substrate (92) when the aerosol-generating article (90) is received in the article cavity (14).

A shisha system comprising an aerosol-generating article (90) and a shisha device (50). The aerosol-generating article (90) comprises an aerosol-forming substrate (92). The shisha system further comprises a first electrode (15) and a second electrode (16). The shisha device (50) comprises a liquid cavity (54) configured to contain a volume of liquid, the liquid cavity (54) having a head space outlet (60); an article cavity (14) configured to receive an aerosol-forming substrate (92), the article cavity (14) being in fluid communication with the liquid cavity (54). The shisha device further comprises an oscillation circuit (10) configured for connection to the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16). The oscillation circuit (10) is configured to supply a radio frequency (RF) alternating voltage to the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16), the RF voltage between the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16) generating an alternating radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field between the first electrode (15) and the second electrode (16) for heating the aerosol-forming substrate (92) when the aerosol-generating article (90) is received in the article cavity (14).

A semiconductor or other substrate can include one or more electrodes, located directly or indirectly on the substrate, separated from each other and coupled to the substrate. At the two or more electrodes, non-zero frequency time-varying electrical energy can be received. The time-varying electrical energy can be coupled via the two or more electrodes to trigger a displacement current to activate free carriers confined within the semiconductor substrate to generate frequency-controlled heat in the semiconductor substrate.

A method for a thawing device configured to thaw/heat a blood product comprised in a container, the method comprising the steps of performing a massaging motion, by a first actuator, on one or more areas of an outer surface of the container, obtaining measurements, from a reflectance sensor coupled to an antenna, the measurements at least being indicative of phase of received radio frequency, RF, waves having a second frequency and being reflected off the container, determining a third frequency, wherein the third frequency is determined by a predetermined relation dependent on the second frequency and the obtained measurements, controlling a transmitter, communicatively coupled to the antenna, to emit RF waves, using the obtained measurements, wherein the emitted RF waves are emitted at a third frequency and are directed by the antenna to propagate towards the container, wherein the third frequency is in the range of 10 to 900 MHz.

A method for a thawing device configured to thaw/heat a blood product comprised in a container, the method comprising the steps of performing a massaging motion, by a first actuator, on one or more areas of an outer surface of the container, obtaining measurements, from a reflectance sensor coupled to an antenna, the measurements at least being indicative of phase of received radio frequency, RF, waves having a second frequency and being reflected off the container, determining a third frequency, wherein the third frequency is determined by a predetermined relation dependent on the second frequency and the obtained measurements, controlling a transmitter, communicatively coupled to the antenna, to emit RF waves, using the obtained measurements, wherein the emitted RF waves are emitted at a third frequency and are directed by the antenna to propagate towards the container, wherein the third frequency is in the range of 10 to 900 MHz.

A household PEF cooking device includes a cooking product container which can be filled with liquid and includes PEF electrodes which lie opposite one another and between which a cooking product can be introduced. A PEF signal generator applies PEF signals to the PEF electrodes, and a control device control the PEF signal generator. An IR sensor which measures contactlessly is disposed at a distance from the PEF electrodes and connected to the control device. A measuring dot of the IR sensor encompasses an outer face of an electrically conductive region of a wall of the cooking product container, which electrically conductive region can be contacted on an inner face by the liquid when the cooking product container is full.

A household PEF cooking device includes a cooking product container which can be filled with liquid and includes PEF electrodes which lie opposite one another and between which a cooking product can be introduced. A PEF signal generator applies PEF signals to the PEF electrodes, and a control device control the PEF signal generator. An IR sensor which measures contactlessly is disposed at a distance from the PEF electrodes and connected to the control device. A measuring dot of the IR sensor encompasses an outer face of an electrically conductive region of a wall of the cooking product container, which electrically conductive region can be contacted on an inner face by the liquid when the cooking product container is full.