An aerosol-generating system includes a liquid storage portion for holding a liquid aerosol-forming substrate; a pair of electrodes arranged adjacent to or in the liquid storage portion; a sensor configured to sense an orientation of the liquid storage portion; and a control system configured to, measure an electrical quantity between the pair of electrodes, receive orientation information from the sensor, and determine an amount of liquid aerosol-forming substrate held in the liquid storage portion based on electrical quantity information measured between the pair of electrodes and the orientation information received from the sensor, wherein the liquid storage portion has a length and the pair of electrodes extend substantially the length of the liquid storage portion.

A heater device includes a light transmissive film heater configured to apply to an optical window that is arranged adjacent to a sensor unit for detecting light and includes a detection surface having a light transmitting property, and including a heating portion heating the optical window, and a heat generating portion configured to generate heat in a predetermined region. The light transmissive film heater includes a first electrode arranged radially outside about a center line of the detection surface in the heating portion, a second electrode arranged in the heating portion so as to interpose the detection surface from both sides together with the first electrode, and a first heat generation region that generates heat according to a potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode generated by energization from the first electrode to the second electrode via the heating portion.

The present disclosure discloses a rechargeable electrical heating device (1), comprising a flexible heat generator (1a) and a power source (1b) connected to the flexible heat generator (1a), wherein the flexible heat generator (1a) comprises: a first flexible substrate layer (11), a conductive line (12) comprising a positive line (121) and a negative line (122), a first heat generating line (13), a second flexible substrate layer (14), and a first connector (15), wherein the positive line (121) and the negative line (122) are not directly connected to each other, and wherein the positive line (121) is electrically connected to the negative line (122) by means of the first heat generating line (13).

The present disclosure discloses a flexible heat generator (1), comprising: a first flexible substrate layer (11), a first conductive line (12) comprising a first positive line (121) and a first negative line (122), a first heat generating line (13), a second flexible substrate layer (14), and a first connector (15), wherein the first positive line (121) and the first negative line (122) are not directly connected to each other, and wherein the first positive line (121) is electrically connected to the first negative line (122) by means of the first heat generating line (13). The present disclosure further discloses a method of manufacturing such flexible heat generator (1).

A heater for vehicular sensors is configured to pass sensing energy and thereby permit placement of the heater directly over the sensing area in the path of the sensed energy. In this way, direct heating of the sensing area is provided minimizing the energy necessary to prevent icing and improving deicing speed.

Examples disclosed herein relate to a lamp configured to provide heat for a processing chamber. The lamp includes a housing filled with a gas. A filament is disposed within the housing. The filament has an upper diameter, a lower diameter, and a length. A pair of electrodes is electrically coupled to the filament. A pair of pins is electrically coupled to the pair of electrodes. The pair of pins is configured to transfer energy to the filament. A ratio between either the upper diameter or the lower diameter to the length is about 0.3. The upper diameter is not equal to the lower diameter.

An aerosol-generating system includes a liquid storage portion for holding a liquid aerosol-forming substrate; a pair of electrodes arranged adjacent to or in the liquid storage portion; a sensor configured to sense an orientation of the liquid storage portion; and a control system configured to, measure an electrical quantity between the pair of electrodes, receive orientation information from the sensor, and determine an amount of liquid aerosol-forming substrate held in the liquid storage portion based on electrical quantity information measured between the pair of electrodes and the orientation information received from the sensor, wherein the liquid storage portion has a length and the pair of electrodes extend substantially the length of the liquid storage portion.

Disclosed herein is a plane heater that generates heat by using graphene or the like as the conductive heat generation material thereof. The plane heater includes: a nonconductor substrate; a heat generation material applied to the nonconductor substrate; and a pair of electrodes configured to generate resistance heat in the heat generation material. The pair of electrodes include a first electrode configured to be connected to one pole of a power source, and a second electrode configured to be connected to the other pole of the power source. The sectional areas of at least some portions of the first electrode and the second electrode are determined such that a plurality of electric circuits formed by the first electrode, the heat generation material, and the second electrode can have the theoretically same resistance.

Disclosed herein is a plane heater that generates heat by using graphene or the like as the conductive heat generation material thereof. The plane heater includes: a nonconductor substrate; a heat generation material applied to the nonconductor substrate; and a pair of electrodes configured to generate resistance heat in the heat generation material. The pair of electrodes include a first electrode configured to be connected to one pole of a power source, and a second electrode configured to be connected to the other pole of the power source. The sectional areas of at least some portions of the first electrode and the second electrode are determined such that a plurality of electric circuits formed by the first electrode, the heat generation material, and the second electrode can have the theoretically same resistance.

The present invention provides a conductive fabric comprising base cloth and a conductive metallic circuit structure formed on the surface of the base cloth. The conductive metallic circuit structure comprises at least one metallic seed layer and at least one chemical-plating layer. The metallic seed layer is an evaporation-deposition layer or a sputter-deposition layer and has a circuit pattern. The chemical-plating layer is applied over the surface of the metallic seed layer. The conductive fabric has improved conductivity and heat generation efficiency.