A heater includes an aluminum nitride base having equal to or less than 1% impurities, particularly one embodiment having none of polybrominated biphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ether, hexabromocyclododecane, polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated paraffin, phthalate, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, and mercury. At least one resistive trace of silver and palladium overlies the base as does a conductor of silver and platinum or palladium that electrically connects to the resistive trace to apply an external voltage to the resistive trace for heating thereof. At least four, but optionally five, layers of glass overlie the resistive trace and part of the conductor. A first two consecutive layers of the glass layers define a first glass having a solid content of more than 65% and a viscosity of 100 Pa.Math.s or less. The following two or three consecutive layers of the five layers define a second glass dissimilar to the first.

Disclosed is a multilayer structure, comprising: a first heater layer comprising a CNT heater, wherein the CNT heater comprises a composite of carbon nanotubes and silicone; and a second heater layer comprising a PTC heater, wherein the PTC heater comprises a composite of carbon black and polymer; wherein the first heater layer and the second heater layer are first and second respectively in an electrical series; wherein the first heater layer has a negative temperature coefficient with respect to electrical resistivity; and wherein the second heater layer has a positive temperature coefficient with respect to electrical resistivity. Also disclosed is an aircraft component comprising the multilayer structure.

Heat generation efficiency is increased; temperature-keeping performance is increased; heat unevenness is reduced; and a heat diffusion property is increased. Provided is a far-infrared ray radiation sheet 1 according to the present invention that is formed in a planar shape, that radiates far-infrared rays, the far-infrared ray radiation sheet comprising a heat generation type mixed paper 10 comprising a basic material, carbon fiber exhibiting high heat conductivity, first graphite exhibiting high heat conductivity, second graphite that forms a conductive network, and mixed paper formed by mixing the basic material, the carbon fiber, the first graphite and the second graphite; electrodes 21 provided to the heat generation type mixed paper 10; and prepregs 11 laminated on the heat generation type mixed paper 10, wherein the far-infrared rays are radiated by applying current to the electrodes 21.

A method of forming a plurality of individual heating cables sets includes creating at least a portion of a master cable set by coupling alternating sections of cold and hot cable section, each section of cold cable section having a length twice a model cold cable section length and each section of hot cable section having a length twice a model hot cable section length. A continuous metallic ground sheath is applied about substantially all of the master cable set and a continuous outer jacket is applied about the continuous metallic ground sheath. The master cable set is segmented at defined locations to create a plurality of individual heating cable sets having an overall length of the model hot cable section length plus the model cold cable section length.

A glazing unit providing heating and electromagnetic shielding functions, including at least one substrate, a heating layer deposited on one of the faces of the substrate, and an electromagnetic shield, wherein the electromagnetic shield comprises an electrically conductive coating that covers a portion of the heating layer, the heating layer being electrically insulated from the coating by electrically insulating components.

A vehicle heater comprises a main body carrying a non-intrinsically safe heat conductor layer, and a sensor device allocated to the heat conductor layer and provided to detect an exceedance of a temperature threshold value. The sensor device comprises a sensor layer arranged on the side of the heat conductor layer facing away from the main body which is monitored for current flows which may occur substantially in the direction of its surface normal. In a method for producing a vehicle heater a main body of the vehicle heater is equipped with a non-intrinsically safe heat conductor, and a sensor device for detecting exceedances of a temperature threshold value. A sensor layer provided to be monitored for current flows which may occur substantially in the direction of the surface normal of the sensor layer is allocated to the heat conductor layer on its side facing away from the main body to form the sensor device.

A thermal shield system with wireless control capabilities including a multi-layer shield, a housing containing a power source and processor, and a programmable control mechanism, wherein the control mechanism is in communication with the processor to facilitate direct or remote manual programming of time and temperature of the shield system. The multi-layer shield includes a perimeter having a first layer comprised of reflective material, a second layer comprised of a plurality of conductive pads arranged in a plurality of rows within a structural support sheet, a third layer comprised of thermal material, an electrical wire running through and connecting said conductive pads of the second layer, and a surround spanning the perimeter of the shield. The surround of the shield has flexibility to allow folding or rolling for compact storage of said shield and having rigidity to provide structural integrity of said shield. The electrical wire connects each of the plurality of conductive pads in a series to generate consistent and uniform heat while minimizing depletion of the power source.

An electrothermal module includes a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, and a heat generating layer. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer respectively include silver metal. The heat generating layer has a first portion, the first portion is disposed between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer to form an electrothermal conversion portion of the electrothermal module, and the heat generating layer includes a conductive carbon material.

The present invention provides a thick film element having a covering layer with high heat conductivity, which comprises a carrier, a thick film coating deposited on the carrier and a covering layer overlaid on the coating. The thick film coating is a heating materials, and the mode of heating is electrical heating. The covering layer, the thick film coating and the carrier are selected from a material that fulfills every of the following equations:

A device (100, 200, 1100, 2100) converts electricity into heat. A first flat winding support (110, 130, 210a, 210b, 230a, 230b, 310a, 310b, 330a, 330b, 510, 610, 630, 710, 1110, 1130, 2110, 2130) including electrically insulating material, has a first electric heating element (140, 150, 240a, 240b, 250a, 250b, 340a, 340b, 350a, 350b, 540, 640, 650, 740, 750) wound thereon. The first flat winding support with wound first electric heating element is inserted into a housing (190, 290, 1190, 2190) electrically insulated against the housing. A second flat winding support, including electrically insulating material, has a second electric heating element (140, 150, 240a, 240b, 250a, 250b, 340a, 340b, 350a, 350b, 540, 640, 650, 740, 750), which is galvanically separated from the first electric heating element, wound thereon. The second flat winding support with wound second electric heating element is inserted into the housing electrically insulated against the housing.