An underground utility locator is provided. The underground utility locator includes a wand, a GNSS module, a power module, a smoothing circuit, and a multi-layer enclosure. The wand has a top end and a bottom end and includes at least one antenna configured to output a field strength signal in response to an electromagnetic field. The GNSS module is coupled to the top end of the wand. The power module is coupled to the wand. The multi-layer enclosure at least partially surrounds the GNSS module and includes an outer shell layer and an inner shell layer. The outer shell layer and the inner shell layer are partially separated by an air gap.

GaAs IR window slabs having largest dimensions that are greater than 8 inches, and preferably greater than 12 inches, are grown using the Horizontal Gradient Freeze (HGF) method. Heat extraction is simplified by using a shallow horizontal boat that is only slightly deeper than the desired window thickness, thereby enabling growth of large slabs while also minimizing material waste and fabrication cost as compared to slicing and shaping thick plates from large, melt-grown boules. Single crystal seeds can be used to optimize the final orientation of the slabs and minimize secondary nucleation, thereby maximizing yield. A conductive doped GaAs layer can be applied to the IR window slab to provide EMI shielding. The temperature gradient during HGF can be between 1 C./cm and 3 C./cm, and the directional solidification can be at a rate of between 0.25 mm/h and 2.5 mm/h.

A conductive housing includes: a first blocking unit that is formed with a first conductive material in a box-like shape having an opening portion; and a second blocking unit including a first electromagnetic wave blocking portion that is formed with a second conductive material and extends in a first direction and a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, and a second electromagnetic wave blocking portion that is formed with a third conductive material, extends in the first direction and the second direction, and is disposed to face the first electromagnetic wave blocking portion at a distance. The second blocking unit is disposed in the opening portion, the first blocking unit is electrically connected to the first electromagnetic wave blocking portion and the second electromagnetic wave blocking portion, and the first blocking unit and the second blocking unit form a space inside.

A semiconductor element according to embodiment of the inventive concept may include a first glass plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, a metal frame surrounding an edge of the first glass plate, the metal frame being electrically connected to a ground line, a first transparent conductive layer provided on the first surface of the first glass plate, and a circuit block provided on the first surface of the first glass plate and spaced apart from the first transparent conductive layer. The first transparent conductive layer may have a lattice structure in which first unit lattices are arranged along one line, and an entire length of the one line may be about 0.25 times to about 0.50 times a wavelength of an electromagnetic wave to be blocked.

A self-adaptive shielding device is suitable for a lens or a window of a piece of equipment provided with an electrically conductive enclosure containing an optical or RF sensor. The device includes a shielding screen having a switchable RF shielding mesh of micrometric pitch at least partially surrounded by a border of insulator-metal transition material arranged between the mesh and an electrically conductive envelope. A susceptor element is arranged facing the insulator-metal transition material and transforms incident electromagnetic energy (RFH) into activation heat for the insulator-metal transition material. The susceptor element causes a transition to the conductive state of the insulator-metal transition material under the action of the electromagnetic energy so as to electrically connect the mesh to the electrically conductive envelope when the incident electromagnetic energy exceeds a given threshold.