A photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode section; a second electrode section; an electron-transporting section between the first electrode section and the second electrode section; a light-absorbing section; and a hole-transporting section. The hole-transporting section has a peak that reaches maximum at a Raman shift of 1575 cm.sup.110 cm.sup.1 and a peak that reaches maximum at a Raman shift of 1606 cm.sup.110 cm.sup.1 in a Raman spectrum obtained by emitting laser light having a wavelength of 532 nm; and has a peak intensity ratio A/B of 0.80 or more, the peak intensity ratio A/B being obtained from a maximum peak intensity A of the peak that reaches maximum at 1575 cm.sup.110 cm.sup.1 and a maximum peak intensity B of the peak that reaches maximum at 1606 cm.sup.110 cm.sup.1.

The present invention provides a light-transmitting perovskite solar cell, which has a first package layer, a first light-transmitting electrode layer, a first carrier transport layer, a light absorbing layer, a second carrier transport layer, a second light-transmitting electrode layer, and a second package layer. The first light-transmitting electrode layer is disposed on an upper surface of the first package layer. The first carrier transport layer is disposed on an upper surface of the first light-transmitting electrode layer. The light absorbing layer is disposed on an upper surface of the first carrier transport layer. The second carrier transport layer is disposed on an upper surface of the light absorbing layer. The second light-transmitting electrode layer is disposed on an upper surface of the second carrier transport layer. The second package layer is disposed on an upper surface of the second light-transmitting electrode layer.

The present invention provides a light-transmitting perovskite solar cell, which has a first package layer, a first light-transmitting electrode layer, a first carrier transport layer, a light absorbing layer, a second carrier transport layer, a second light-transmitting electrode layer, and a second package layer. The first light-transmitting electrode layer is disposed on an upper surface of the first package layer. The first carrier transport layer is disposed on an upper surface of the first light-transmitting electrode layer. The light absorbing layer is disposed on an upper surface of the first carrier transport layer. The second carrier transport layer is disposed on an upper surface of the light absorbing layer. The second light-transmitting electrode layer is disposed on an upper surface of the second carrier transport layer. The second package layer is disposed on an upper surface of the second light-transmitting electrode layer.

The present embodiment provides a transparent electrode, a transparent electrode production process and a photoelectric conversion device. The transparent electrode comprises a patterned electrode layer formed on a transparent substrate. The electrode layer has an electroconductive film containing metal nanowires and also has a film of N-graphene. In the graphene carbon skeleton of the N-graphene, carbon atoms are partly substituted with nitrogen atoms. The transparent electrode can be produced by: forming an electroconductive layer by coating with a dispersion containing metal nanowires; then forming an N-graphene film thereon; and subsequently patterning them.

Solar cell modules and methods of fabrication are described. In an embodiment, a pair of tandem solar cells are a step surface or trench within the top subcell of a tandem solar cell is at least partially filled with another material such as an insulator support or electrically conductive support to transfer stress away from the absorber layer of the top subcell of the tandem solar cells when stacked or connected with ribbon.

Solar cell modules and methods of fabrication are described. In an embodiment, a pair of tandem solar cells are a step surface or trench within the top subcell of a tandem solar cell is at least partially filled with another material such as an insulator support or electrically conductive support to transfer stress away from the absorber layer of the top subcell of the tandem solar cells when stacked or connected with ribbon.

Solar cell modules and methods of fabrication are described. In an embodiment, a pair of tandem solar cells are a step surface or trench within the top subcell of a tandem solar cell is at least partially filled with another material such as an insulator support or electrically conductive support to transfer stress away from the absorber layer of the top subcell of the tandem solar cells when stacked or connected with ribbon.

Solar cell modules and methods of fabrication are described. In an embodiment, a pair of tandem solar cells are a step surface or trench within the top subcell of a tandem solar cell is at least partially filled with another material such as an insulator support or electrically conductive support to transfer stress away from the absorber layer of the top subcell of the tandem solar cells when stacked or connected with ribbon.

Embodiments of the disclosure include a photovoltaic device including a plurality of photovoltaic cells coupled in series. The photovoltaic cells include a first contact layer, a first charge transport layer (CTL) disposed over the first contact layer, an absorber layer disposed over the first CTL, a second CTL disposed over the absorber layer; and a second contact layer disposed over the second CTL. A plurality of diodes are positioned in diode regions that are located on opposite edges of the plurality of PV cells. The plurality of diodes are coupled in series and are configured to form a diode between adjacent PV cells of the plurality PV cells.

Embodiments of the disclosure include a photovoltaic device including a plurality of photovoltaic cells coupled in series. The photovoltaic cells include a first contact layer, a first charge transport layer (CTL) disposed over the first contact layer, an absorber layer disposed over the first CTL, a second CTL disposed over the absorber layer; and a second contact layer disposed over the second CTL. A plurality of diodes are positioned in diode regions that are located on opposite edges of the plurality of PV cells. The plurality of diodes are coupled in series and are configured to form a diode between adjacent PV cells of the plurality PV cells.