A solar cell includes a first substrate, a first hole transport layer, a first photoelectric conversion layer containing a perovskite compound, and a second photoelectric conversion layer containing a photoelectric conversion material in this order. A band gap of the perovskite compound is greater than a band gap of the photoelectric conversion material. With respect to an absorption wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3, a refractive index n.sub.A of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate≤n.sub.A≤refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer. Further, with respect to a transmission wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3 and an absorption wavelength of the second photoelectric conversion layer 5, a refractive index n.sub.B of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate≤n.sub.B≤refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides organic semiconductors (OSNTs) as well as high-performance electrochemical devices based on the present OSNTs for the production of micro and nano-scale actuators. The present OSNTs may be used in several applications, including movable and implantable interface devices, such as flexible neural microelectrodes. Also provided herein are flexible neural microelectrodes based on conjugated polymer actuators

A perovskite-polymer composite comprising a perovskite and a polymer, wherein the polymer has a structural unit comprising a thiourea (—HN(C═S)NH—) fragment and a (—R.sup.1—O—R.sup.2—) fragment, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl or a cycloalkyl linker; a mechanically robust and self-healable solar cell comprising same; and a method of making same.

Systems and methods are provided for simulating traction power and control in transportation systems under design conditions and/or utilizing real-time data.

Disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (I): ##STR00001##
in which: Z represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a selenium atom; or an NR.sub.5 group in which R.sub.5 is selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, or from optionally substituted aryl groups; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in the claims. The disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (I) can advantageously be used as a spectrum converter in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) which are in turn capable of improving the performance of photovoltaic devices (or solar devices) selected, for example, from photovoltaic cells (or solar cells), photovoltaic modules (or solar modules) on either a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate.

The present disclosure provides a soft memristor for soft neuromorphic system including a substrate, a first electrode layer formed on the substrate, a metal diffusion barrier layer formed on the first electrode layer, a resistive switching material layer formed on the metal diffusion barrier layer, and a second electrode layer formed on the resistive switching material layer.

The present disclosure relates to a plurality of host materials and an organic electroluminescent device comprising the same. By comprising the specific combination of compounds according to the present disclosure as a plurality of host materials according to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide an organic electroluminescent device having improved driving voltage, luminous efficiency, and/or lifetime property compared to the conventional organic electroluminescent devices.

A composition for encapsulation of organic light emitting diodes and an organic light emitting diode display apparatus, the composition including photocurable monomers and having a CLD of 50 or more, as calculated by Equation 1:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{CLD}=.Math.\frac{M_x\left(N_x-1\right)}{M_{\mathrm{total}}}& \left[\mathrm{Equation}1\right]\end{array}$

wherein, in Equation 1, M.sub.total is a total sum of a number of moles of the photocurable monomers in the composition, M.sub.x is a number of moles of an x.sup.th photocurable monomer in the composition, N.sub.x is a number of photocurable functional groups per mole of the x.sup.th photocurable monomer in the composition, and x is an integer of 1 or more.

A display device includes a substrate; a first electrode disposed on the substrate; a bank layer disposed on the substrate and including an opening exposing the first electrode; an emissive layer disposed on the first electrode exposed by the bank layer; a second electrode disposed on the bank layer and the emissive layer; an encapsulation layer disposed on the second electrode; and a touch layer disposed on the encapsulation layer, in which the encapsulation layer includes at least one inorganic film and at least one organic film, and in which the organic film contains organic molecules having an oval shape.

Provided are: a composition for an organic light emitting diode comprising an indole-based photocurable monomer, a non-indole-based photocurable monomer, and an initiator, and an organic light emitting display manufactured therefrom.