Provided is a method for producing a quantum dot (QD) film, the method including applying a QD solution on a surface of a base portion to form a QD array, performing cross-linking on the formed QD array, doping QDs included in the QD array by reacting the QDs included in the QD array on which cross-linking is completed with a metal solution including a doping metal, and cleaning the QD array to obtain a QD film including the doped QDs.

To provide a light-emitting element which uses a fluorescent material as a light-emitting substance and has higher luminous efficiency. To provide a light-emitting element which includes a mixture of a thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance and a fluorescent material. By making the emission spectrum of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance overlap with an absorption band on the longest wavelength side in absorption by the fluorescent material in an S.sub.1 level of the fluorescent material, energy at an S.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance can be transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material. Alternatively, it is also possible that the S.sub.1 of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance is generated from part of the energy of a T.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance, and is transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material.

A semiconductor nanocrystal particle represented by Chemical Formula 1 and having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than or equal to about 30 nanometers (nm) in the emission wavelength spectrum is provided:

A.sub.xA′.sub.(3+α−x)D.sub.(2+β)E.sub.(9+γ).   Chemical Formula 1

In Chemical Formula 1, A is a first metal including Rb, Cs, or a combination thereof, A′ is an organic substance derived from an ammonium salt, an organic material derived from an organic ligand, or an organic material including a combination thereof, D is a second metal including Sb, Bi, or a combination thereof E is Cl, Br, I, or a combination thereof, 1<x≤3, −1<α<1, 3+α−x>0, −1<β<1, and −1<γ<1.

A light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer; and an organometallic compound of Formula 1:

##STR00001##

wherein, in Formula 1, the variables are described herein.

An alloyed halide double perovskite material, an alloyed halide double perovskite solar-cell absorber and solar cells constructed with such absorbers, the alloyed halide double perovskite material having the formula A.sub.2B.sub.1-aB′.sub.1-bD.sub.xX.sub.6, where A is an inorganic cation, an organic cation, a mixture of inorganic cations, a mixture of organic cations, or a mixture of one or more inorganic cations and one or more organic cations, where B is a metal, a mixture of metals, a metalloid, a mixture of metalloids, any mixture thereof, or is a vacancy, where B′ is a metal, a mixture of metals, a metalloid, a mixture of metalloids, any mixture thereof, or is a vacancy, where D is a dopant, and where X is a halide, a pseudohalide, a mixture of halides, a mixture of pseudohalides, or a mixture of halides and pseudohalides, and where x=a+b.

The present invention relates to metal amides of general Formula Ia and for their use as hole injection layer (HIL) for an Organic light-emitting diode (OLED), and a method of manufacturing Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) comprising an hole injection layer containing a metal amide of general Formula Ia: ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a hole injection layer for an OLED comprising a triarylamine compound doped with a charge neutral metal amide compound, characterized in that the hole injection layer has a thickness of at least about ≥20 nm to about ≤1000 nm and the charge neutral metal amide compound has the Formula Ia. ##STR00001##

To provide a light-emitting element which uses a fluorescent material as a light-emitting substance and has higher luminous efficiency. To provide a light-emitting element which includes a mixture of a thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance and a fluorescent material. By making the emission spectrum of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance overlap with an absorption band on the longest wavelength side in absorption by the fluorescent material in an S.sub.1 level of the fluorescent material, energy at an S.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance can be transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material. Alternatively, it is also possible that the S.sub.1 of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance is generated from part of the energy of a T.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance, and is transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material.

Provided are an organic light-emitting device satisfying a certain range of [Q(t=T50)]Polaron and an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device.

An organic electroluminescence device of an embodiment includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing the first electrode, and a plurality of organic layers between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein at least one selected from among the organic layers includes a fused polycyclic compound represented by Formula 1 below, thereby showing improved emission efficiency.

##STR00001##