A method for producing hole-transporting electrical layers includes reacting a functionalized organic matrix compound with at least one cross-linking reagent on a substrate, which thereby forms higher-molecular-weight compounds. The functionalized organic matrix compound may include particular constituents arranged in a particular chemical formula.

A novel light-emitting device is provided. A light-emitting device with high emission efficiency is provided. A light-emitting device with a long lifetime is provided. A light-emitting device with low driving voltage is provided. The light-emitting device includes an anode, a cathode, and an EL layer between the anode and the cathode. The EL layer includes a hole-injection layer, a light-emitting layer, and an electron-transport layer. The hole-injection layer is positioned between the anode and the light-emitting layer. The electron-transport layer is positioned between the light-emitting layer and the cathode. The hole-injection layer contains a first substance and a second substance. The first substance is an organic compound which has a hole-transport property and a HOMO level higher than or equal to ?5.7 eV and lower than or equal to ?5.4 eV. The second substance exhibits an electron-accepting property with respect to the first substance. The electron-transport layer contains a material whose resistance decreases with current flowing therethrough.

The present invention relates to a compound of the Formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.10 and/or Ar.sup.4 is a group having the Formula (II)

##STR00002##

wherein the asterisk symbol * in Formula (II) represents the position of binding of the group having the Formula (II); L is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6 to C.sub.18 arylene; Ar.sup.1 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3 to C.sub.24 heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl comprises at least two N-atoms; Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6 to C.sub.24 aryl and/or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.4 to C.sub.24 heteroaryl, wherein Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 are selected differently from each other; Ar.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 to C.sub.16 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6 to C.sub.24 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2 to C.sub.24 heteroaryl and a group having the general Formula (II); R.sup.1 to R.sup.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C.sub.1 to C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.6 to C.sub.20 aryl, C.sub.2 to C.sub.20 heteroaryl and a group having the Formula (II); and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2; or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 or R.sup.3; and R.sup.4; or R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may independently from each other form a fused ring or system of fused rings; a semiconducting layer comprising the same, an organic electronic device comprising the same as well as a display or a lighting device comprising the organic electronic device.

A quantum dot device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, a quantum dot layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising a plurality of quantum dots, a first charge auxiliary layer disposed between the first electrode and the quantum dot layer and contacting the quantum dot layer, and a second charge auxiliary layer disposed between the second electrode and the quantum dot layer and contacting the quantum dot layer, wherein the plurality of quantum dots includes a quantum dot including an organic ligand on a surface thereof, the organic ligand including a hydrophilic functional group at a terminal end.

A quantum dot material includes: a quantum dot and a ligand for modifying the quantum dot. The ligand is coordinately bound to the quantum dot, has a photosensitive isomerization property, is a derivative of azobenzene, and contains a urea group and a pyrimidinone group.

To provide a light-emitting element which uses a fluorescent material as a light-emitting substance and has higher luminous efficiency. To provide a light-emitting element which includes a mixture of a thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance and a fluorescent material. By making the emission spectrum of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance overlap with an absorption band on the longest wavelength side in absorption by the fluorescent material in an S.sub.1 level of the fluorescent material, energy at an S.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance can be transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material. Alternatively, it is also possible that the S.sub.1 of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance is generated from part of the energy of a T.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance, and is transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material.

A photoelectric conversion element including an anode, a cathode, and a photoelectric conversion layer, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer contains a first organic compound and a second organic compound, and difference between oxidation potential of first organic compound and reduction potential of second organic compound is larger than 1.5 [V], and the first organic compound is any one of general formulae [1] below, a fluoranthene derivative, and a metal complex,

##STR00001##

R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, and Z.sub.1 represents a substituent, n.sub.1 and n.sub.2 represents an integer of 0 to 4, and X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 represents a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, or a carbon atom.

There is provided a semiconductor film, including: an aggregate of oxide microparticles including at least one type of metal selected from the group consisting of In, Zn, and Sn; and at least one type of a ligand which is selected from the group consisting of a ligand expressed by General Formula (A) below, a ligand expressed by General Formula (B) below, and a ligand expressed by General Formula (C) below and which is coordinated with the oxide microparticles: ##STR00001##
in which, in General Formula (A), each of X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 independently represents SH, NH.sub.2, OH, or COOH, and each of A.sup.1 and B.sup.1 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent having an atomic number of 1 to 10, in which, in General Formula (B), each of X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 independently represents SH, NH.sub.2, OH, or COOH and each of A.sup.2 and B.sup.2 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent having an atomic number of 1 to 10, and in which, in General Formula (C), X.sup.5 represents SH, NH.sub.2, or OH, and A.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent having an atomic number of 1 to 10.

An organic light emitting device having an anode, a cathode and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode is provided. In one aspect, the organic layer comprises a compound having at least one zwitterionic carbon donor ligand. In another aspect, the organic layer comprises a carbene compound, including the following:

##STR00001##

In another aspect, the organic layer comprises a carbene compound, including:

##STR00002##

In another aspect, the organic layer comprises a carbene compound that includes a triazole ring and has the structure:

##STR00003##

In another aspect, the organic layer comprises a carbene compound that includes a tetrazole ring and has the structure:

##STR00004##

Disclosed are an organic electroluminescent device and a preparation method thereof. The organic electroluminescent device comprises an anode, a hole transport layer, an organic light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer and a cathode. An organic metal complex and an active metal compound are doped in the electron transport layer, wherein the active metal compound is an alkali metal complex, an alkali earth metal complex or a lanthanide metal compound. The preparation method thereof includes the following steps: etching an anode pattern, and evaporating a hole transport layer and an organic light-emitting layer on an ITO glass substrate in order; and co-evaporate an electron transport material, an organic metal complex and an active metal compound to form an electron transport layer; and evaporating a cathode on the electron transport layer.