Disclosed is an organic electroluminescence device. The organic electroluminescence device has an organic layer having a specific combination in which a hole transporting material is doped with a p-type conductive doped material. The organic electroluminescence device can provide better device performance, such as lifetime improvement and voltage reduction.

A transparent organic light emitting display device may include a transparent base substrate, a semiconductor device disposed on the transparent base substrate, a display structure electrically connected to the semiconductor device, and a protection layer including a blue dye disposed on the display structure. The protection layer may improve the transparency of the transparent base substrate by calibrating discoloration of the transparent base substrate. Thus, the transparent display device including the protection layer may ensure an enhanced transparency. Further, the transparent display device may have an enhanced mechanical strength and an increased heat resistance because of the transparent base substrate.

A compound of formula (9) is provided.

##STR00001## wherein, B.sub.1 and B.sub.2 are a methyl group, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are a hydrogen atom, X.sub.1 is an N-carbazolyl group, X.sub.2 is a NAr.sup.21Ar.sup.22 group, Ar.sup.21 is a 2-phenylphenyl group, a 3-phenylphenyl group, or a 4-phenylphenyl group, and Ar.sup.22 is a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a 2-phenylphenyl group, a 3-phenylphenyl group, a 4-phenylphenyl group, a 2-fluorenyl group, a 9,9-dimethyl-2-fluorenyl group or a phenanthryl group. Also provided is an organic electroluminescent device comprising a compound of formula (9).

To provide a light-emitting element which uses a fluorescent material as a light-emitting substance and has higher luminous efficiency. To provide a light-emitting element which includes a mixture of a thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance and a fluorescent material. By making the emission spectrum of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance overlap with an absorption band on the longest wavelength side in absorption by the fluorescent material in an S.sub.1 level of the fluorescent material, energy at an S.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance can be transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material. Alternatively, it is also possible that the S.sub.1 of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance is generated from part of the energy of a T.sub.1 level of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent substance, and is transferred to the S.sub.1 of the fluorescent material.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of nanostructure compounds that exhibit unique shape configurations, such as nanohoops. The compounds disclosed herein exhibit unique chemical and electrochemical properties that can be tuned and modified to facilitate their use in a variety of different applications.

A data storage system and method are provided for storing data in non-volatile memory devices. Binary data is received for storage in a non-volatile memory device. The binary data is converted into non-binary data comprising base-X values, where X is an integer greater than two. The non-binary data is encoded to generate a codeword and the codeword is written to a wordline of the non-volatile memory device.

A compound represented by formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.8, R.sup.12 to R.sup.18, R.sup.21 to R.sup.25, R.sup.31 to R.sup.48, L.sup.1 to L.sup.3, and Ar are as defined in the specification, provides a high performance organic electroluminescence device which comprises a cathode, an anode and an organic layer between the cathode and the anode, wherein the organic layer comprises a light emitting layer and at least one layer of the organic layer comprises the compound.

Organic luminescent materials containing cycloalkyl ancillary ligands is disclosed, which can be used as emitters in the emissive layer of an organic electroluminescent device. The organic luminescent materials is metal complexes which comprise a new series of cycloalkyl containing acetylacetone type ancillary ligands. These novel ligands can effectively improve the lifetime of the device, change the sublimation characteristics and improve device performance. Also disclosed are an electroluminescent device and a formulation.

A highly reliable light-emitting element having high emission efficiency is provided. The light-emitting element includes a light-emitting layer including a first organic compound and a guest material. The first organic compound has a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole skeleton. In the light-emitting layer, the weight ratio of a hydrocarbon group substitution product in which at least one of hydrogen atoms in the first organic compound is substituted by a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms to the first organic compound is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.1.

Provided are organometallic compounds as both sensitizer and as acceptor. Also provided are formulations comprising these organometallic compounds. Further provided are OLEDs and related consumer products that utilize these organometallic compounds.