Embodiments include photoactive regions of organic photovoltaic cells including an n-type dopant or a mixture of n-type dopants, one or more electron donor materials, and one or more electron acceptor materials. Embodiments further include n-type dopants, photoactive regions of organic photovoltaics comprising n-type dopants, methods of preparing photoactive regions comprising n-type dopants, organic photovoltaics comprising n-type doped photoactive regions, and the like.

Compounds of formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein each symbol is as defined in the description, may provide an organic electroluminescence device having a further improved performance.

Provided are: a compound that further improves the capability of an organic EL device, an organic electroluminescent device having a further improved device capability, and an electronic device including the organic electroluminescent device. Precisely provided are: a compound represented by the following formula (1A) or formula (1B) (wherein the symbols are as defined in the description), an organic electroluminescent device containing the compound, and an electronic device including the organic electroluminescent device.

##STR00001##

Provided are a compound that further improves the capability of an organic EL device, an organic electroluminescent device having a further improved device capability, and an electronic device including the organic electroluminescent device. Precisely provided are: a compound represented by the following formula (1) (wherein N*, Ar, L, X, *a, *b.sub.1, *b.sub.2, *b.sub.3, m, n, R.sup.11 to R.sup.14, R.sup.15 to R.sup.22, R.sup.31 to R.sup.40, and R.sup.41 to R.sup.48 are as defined in the description), an organic electroluminescent device containing the compound, and an electronic device including the organic electroluminescent device.

##STR00001##

Provided are a triarylamine derivative and an organic electroluminescent device thereof, which relate to the technical field of organic electroluminescence. The triarylamine derivative has a relatively high triplet energy level, high hole mobility, a high refractive index and good film formability and thermal stability and can effectively reduce the driving voltage of the organic electroluminescent device, improve the luminescence efficiency, and extend the service life of the device when applied to the organic electroluminescent device. The triarylamine derivative has a good application effect and a good industrialization prospect in the organic electroluminescent device.

Devices having multiple multicomponent emissive layers are provided, where each multicomponent EML includes at least three components. Each of the components in each EML is a host material or an emitter. The devices have improved color stability and relatively high luminance.

A fabrication method for a light-emitting device includes providing a hole functional layer disposed between a quantum dot light-emitting layer and an anode, and providing an electron functional layer disposed between the quantum dot light-emitting layer and a cathode. The hole functional layer includes a mixed material of a hole transport material and a hole injection material. A thickness of the hole functional layer being selected from a thickness range corresponding to ⅓˜⅔ of abscissa between an origin and a first positive trough in a cavity standing wave of the mixed material. The absolute value of a difference between a thickness of the electron functional layer and a thickness corresponding to a first positive crest of a cavity standing wave of an electron functional material is less than or equal to 5 nm.

A compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

The R.sup.1 to R.sup.9, L.sup.1 to L.sup.3, and Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.2 in the formula (1) are as defined in the description. An organic electroluminescence device contains the compound, and an electronic instrument includes the organic electroluminescence device.

An organic semiconductor device with low driving voltage is provided. The light-emitting device includes an anode, a cathode, and an EL layer between the anode and the cathode. The EL layer includes a hole-transport layer and alight-emitting layer. The hole-transport layer is positioned between the anode and the light-emitting layer. The hole-transport layer is not in contact with the anode. The hole-transport layer includes a transport layer material for a light-emitting device and the GSP_slope that is a potential gradient of a surface potential of an evaporated film of the material is higher than or equal to 20 (mV/nm).

A compound may improve the capability of an organic EL device, and an organic electroluminescent device including such compound may have improved capability and may be included in electronic devices. Such compounds may be of formula (1A) or formula (1B) (wherein the symbols are as defined in the description)

##STR00001##

organic electroluminescent device(s) may contain such compound(s), and electronic device(s) may include such organic electroluminescent device(s).