An object is to provide a light-emitting module in which a light-emitting element suffering a short-circuit failure does not cause wasteful electric power consumption. Another object is to provide a light-emitting panel in which a light-emitting element suffering a short-circuit failure does not allow the reliability of an adjacent light-emitting element to lower. Focusing on heat generated by a light-emitting element suffering a short-circuit failure, provided is a structure in which electric power is supplied to a light-emitting element through a positive temperature coefficient thermistor (PTC thermistor) thermally coupled with the light-emitting element.

A method for preparing a composite material, including the following steps: providing metal oxide nanoparticles and a polyaromatic compound having a structure represented by Formula I,

##STR00001##

where, Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, Ar.sub.3, and Ar.sub.4 are selected from aromatic rings; X.sub.1, X.sub.2, and X.sub.3 are selected from active groups configured for binding with the metal oxide nanoparticles, each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 independently contains at least one of alkylene, amine, —N═N—, alkenyl, alkynyl, and phenyl, and each of m, n, and y is independently selected from 0 or positive integers; dispersing the polyaromatic compound and the metal oxide nanoparticles in a solvent to yield a mixed solution; and heating the mixed solution to yield the composite material. A composite material includes: a polyaromatic compound and metal oxide nanoparticles. The polyaromatic compound is connected to the metal oxide nanoparticles. The polyaromatic compound has a structure represented by Formula I.

A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device includes a heat treatment performed at a set or predetermined temperature range when forming a hole transport layer utilizing a solution process. When an emission layer is formed thereon utilizing a solution process, a mixed layer may be formed to a suitable thickness for improving hole injection into the emission layer. An organic light-emitting device may be manufactured utilizing the method.

Disclosed are an organic photoelectric device including a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other and a photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and selectively absorbing light in a green wavelength region, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer includes a first and second photoelectric conversion materials, a light-absorption full width at half maximum (FWHM) in a green wavelength region of the first photoelectric conversion material is narrower than the light-absorption FWHM in a green wavelength region of the second photoelectric conversion material, and the first and second photoelectric conversion materials satisfy Relationship Equation 1, and an image sensor and an electronic device including the same.
Tm.sub.2(° C.)−Ts.sub.2(10)(° C.)≥Tm.sub.1(° C.)−Ts.sub.1(10)(° C.)  [Relationship Equation 1]

Provided is an organic light emitting element having stable performance in the air. The organic light emitting element includes: an anode; a cathode; and a first organic compound layer placed between the anode and the cathode, in which: the organic light emitting element further includes a first organic compound layer placed between the cathode and the emission layer, and a second organic compound layer placed between the emission layer and the first organic compound layer, and brought into contact with the first organic compound layer; the first organic compound layer contains a first organic compound; the second organic compound layer contains a second organic compound; and the first organic compound includes an organic compound represented by the following general formula [1], and the second organic compound includes an organic compound different from the first organic compound ##STR00001##

A white light-emitting organic EL panel is high in color rendering properties and is excellent in hue stability. The panel includes a light-emitting functional layer that has a blue light anode side unit, a connection layer, and a red-green light cathode side unit. The connection layer injects electrons into the blue light anode side and injects holes into the red-green light cathode side when current is applied. The red-green light cathode side unit includes a red-green phosphorescent light-emitting layer composed of a red phosphorescent material, a green phosphorescent material, and a host material for the phosphorescent light-emitting layer. The maximum emission peak wavelength of the red and green phosphorescent materials are 60 nm or more apart, and the panel is capable of emitting white light with a general color rendering index and a special color rendering index greater than or equal to 90.

A light-emitting element with high luminous efficiency is provided. The light-emitting element contains a first organic compound and a second organic compound. The first and second organic compounds form an exciplex. The first organic compound emits no fluorescence but phosphorescence at a temperature ranging from low temperature to normal temperature. The luminescence quantum yield of the first organic compound is higher than or equal to 0% and lower than or equal to 40% at room temperature. Light emitted from the light-emitting element includes light emitted from an exciplex formed by the first organic compound and the second organic compound.

The invention relates to a light extraction substrate having a light extraction layer. The light extraction layer includes boron, boroate, and/or borosilicate as well as nanoparticles.

A method for preparing a laminate substrate for a light emitting device includes providing a glass substrate having a refraction index, at 550 nm, of between 1.45 and 1.65, coating a glass frit having a refractive index, at 550 nm, of at least 1.7 onto the glass substrate, firing the resulting frit coated glass substrate at a temperature above the Littleton temperature of the glass frit thereby forming a first high index enamel layer, coating a metal oxide layer onto the first high index enamel layer, and firing the resulting coated glass substrate at a temperature above the Littleton temperature of the glass frit, thereby making react the metal oxide with the underlying first high index enamel layer and forming a second high index enamel layer with a plurality of spherical voids embedded in the upper section of the second high index enamel layer near the interface with air.

The present invention provides a method for preparing an uneven particle layer, an organic light emitting diode device and a display device. The method for preparing an uneven particle layer includes the following steps: forming a nanoparticle layer on a substrate; heating the substrate to fuse nanoparticles that are in contact with the substrate, whereas the nanoparticles on the surface keep a solid state; and cooling the substrate to form a nanoparticle layer with an uneven surface. The method of the present invention is simple in process, and industrial production is easy to achieve. The substrate including the uneven particle layer is applied to the OLED device, so the propagation direction of rays can be changed so as to avoid total reflection on an interface and thus improve the light extraction efficiency of the OLED device. The OLED device prepared in the present invention is suitable for various display devices.