Disclosed is an electrically conductive substance which comprises a complex containing rubeanic acid ligands and copper ions. The copper ions contained in the complex comprise copper (I) ions. The electrically conductive substance is produced by a production method which comprises mixing a rubeanic acid compound and a copper (I) compound in the presence of a base.

The present invention relates to a compound of formula (I) based on a structure including functionalized spirofluorene and fused aromatics or non-aromatic rings with at least one heteroatom, and used as hole transporting material in a optoelectronic and/or photoelectrochemical device.

Flow batteries and other electrochemical systems can contain an active material that is a coordination complex having at least one monosulfonated catecholate ligand or a salt thereof bound to a metal center. The monosulfonated catecholate ligand has a structure of

##STR00001##

More particularly, the coordination complex can be a titanium coordination complex with a formula of D.sub.gTi(L.sub.1)(L.sub.2)(L.sub.3), in which D is a counterion selected from H, NH.sub.4.sup.+, Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, or any combination thereof; g ranges between 3 and 6; and L.sub.1, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 are ligands, where at least one of L.sub.1, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 is a monosulfonated catecholate ligand. Methods for synthesizing such monosulfonated catecholate ligands can include providing a neat mixture of catechol and up to about 1.3 stoichiometric equivalents of sulfuric acid, and heating the neat mixture at a temperature of about 80 C. or above to form 3,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid or a salt thereof.

Flow batteries and other electrochemical systems can contain an active material that is a coordination complex having at least one monosulfonated catecholate ligand or a salt thereof bound to a metal center. The monosulfonated catecholate ligand has a structure of ##STR00001##
More particularly, the coordination complex can be a titanium coordination complex with a formula of D.sub.gTi(L.sub.1)(L.sub.2)(L.sub.3), in which D is a counterion selected from H, NH.sub.4.sup.+, Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, or any combination thereof g ranges between 3 and 6; and L.sub.1, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 are ligands, where at least one of L.sub.1, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 is a monosulfonated catecholate ligand. Methods for synthesizing such monosulfonated catecholate ligands can include providing a neat mixture of catechol and up to about 1.3 stoichiometric equivalents of sulfuric acid, and heating the neat mixture at a temperature of about 80 C. or above to form 3,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid or a salt thereof.

Crosslinked polymers and related compositions and related compositions, electrochemical cells, batteries, methods and systems are described. The crosslinked polymers have at least one redox active monomeric moiety having a redox potential of 0.5 V to 3.0 V with reference to Li/Li.sup.+ electrode potential under standard conditions or 2.54 V to 0.04 V vs. SHE and has a carbocyclic structure and at least one carbonyl group or a carboxyl group on the carbocyclic structure. The crosslinked polymers also include at least one comonomeric moiety with at least one of the at least one redox active monomeric moiety and/or the at least one comonomeric moiety has a denticity of three to six corresponding to a three to six connected network polymer, and provide stable, high capacity organic electrode materials.

An example method includes: (i) depositing an insulating layer on a substrate; (ii) forming a conductive polymer layer on the insulating layer; and (iii) repeating deposition of a respective insulating layer, and formation of a respective conductive polymer layer to form a multilayer stack of respective conductive polymer layers interposed between respective insulating layers. Each respective conductive polymer layer has a respective electrical resistance, such that when the respective conductive polymer layers are connected in parallel to a power source, a resultant electrical resistance of the respective conductive polymer layers is less than each respective electrical resistance.

An example method includes: (i) depositing an insulating layer on a substrate; (ii) forming a conductive polymer layer on the insulating layer; and (iii) repeating deposition of a respective insulating layer, and formation of a respective conductive polymer layer to form a multilayer stack of respective conductive polymer layers interposed between respective insulating layers. Each respective conductive polymer layer has a respective electrical resistance, such that when the respective conductive polymer layers are connected in parallel to a power source, a resultant electrical resistance of the respective conductive polymer layers is less than each respective electrical resistance.

Provided is a charge-transporting varnish which comprises an amide compound containing fluorine atoms and represented by formula (1) and a charge-transporting substance. ##STR00001##
[In the formula, Ar.sup.1 represents a group represented by any of formulae (1-1) to (1-9) and Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 each represent a given fluorinated aryl or aralkyl group.] ##STR00002##

An example method includes: (i) depositing an insulating layer on a substrate; (ii) forming a conductive polymer layer on the insulating layer; and (iii) repeating deposition of a respective insulating layer, and formation of a respective conductive polymer layer to form a multilayer stack of respective conductive polymer layers interposed between respective insulating layers. Each respective conductive polymer layer has a respective electrical resistance, such that when the respective conductive polymer layers are connected in parallel to a power source, a resultant electrical resistance of the respective conductive polymer layers is less than each respective electrical resistance.

Disclosed is a charge transfer complex capable of obtaining a curable resin composition having an excellent balance between curability and storage stability when used as an epoxy-resin curing agent. The charge transfer complex has an imidazole moiety as an electron donor moiety. The charge transfer complex may be an assembly wherein electrons included in a compound (a) having an imidazole moiety are accepted by a compound (b) having an electron acceptor moiety, or may be a compound having an imidazole moiety and an electron acceptor moiety in its molecule, and the electron acceptor moiety accepts electrons included in the imidazole moiety.