Provided is a charge-transporting varnish which comprises an amide compound containing fluorine atoms and represented by formula (1) and a charge-transporting substance.

##STR00001##

[In the formula, Ar.sup.1 represents a group represented by any of formulae (1-1) to (1-9) and Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 each represent a given fluorinated aryl or aralkyl group.]

##STR00002##

Organic charge-transfer (CT) co-crystals in a mixed stack system are disclosed, wherein a donor molecule (D) and an acceptor molecule (A) occupy alternating positions (DADADA) along the CT axis. A platform is provided which amplifies the molecular recognition of donors and acceptors and produces co-crystals at ambient conditions, wherein the platform comprises (i) a molecular design of the first constituent (-complement), (ii) a molecular design of the second compound (-complement), and (iii) a solvent system that promotes co-crystallization.

Organic charge-transfer (CT) co-crystals in a crossed stack system are disclosed. The co-crystals exhibit bidirectional charge transfer interactions where one donor molecule shares electrons with two different acceptors, one acceptor face-to-face and the other edge-to-face. The assembly and charge transfer interaction results in a pleochroic material whereby the optical absorption continuously changes depending on the polarization angle of incident light.

Aspects of the invention provide a composition having a blend of an electron transport material and an organo alkali-metal salt wherein the salt has a glass transition greater than 115? C. The organo-alkali metal salt may be selected from the group consisting of lithium 2-(2-pyridyl)phenolate (LiPP), lithium 2-(2,2-bipyridine-6-yl)phenolate (LiBPP), 2-(isoquinoline-10-yl)phenolate (LiIQP), and lithium 2-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl)phenolate and lithium 2-(4-phenylquinazolin-2-yl)phenolate. In a preferred embodiment, the organo-alkali metal salt is lithium 2-(2,2-bipyridine-6-yl)phenolate (LiBPP). Aspects of the invention also provide films and devices having a film layer prepared from the composition.

An organic thin film transistor containing a compound represented by the following formula in a semiconductor active layer has a high carrier mobility and a small change in the threshold voltage after repeated driving. Z represents a substituent having a length of 3.7 or less, and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 represents -L-R wherein L represents alkylene, etc., and R represents alkyl, etc. ##STR00001##

Provided is a resin including a copolymer having a first structural unit and/or second structural unit and a structural unit having a polar group.

##STR00001##

R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, A.sub.1 is a saturated carbon chain having 3 to 7 carbon atoms or a structure resulting from substitution of a heteroatom for a part of the carbon atoms of the saturated carbon chain, m and n are each independently 0 or 1, and X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are each independently a halide ion, a hydroxide ion, or an anion of an organic or inorganic acid.

A solid-state material comprising a solid-state compound is provided. The solid-state compound has the formula: [Cluster1][Cluster2].sub.n, where Cluster1 can be a metal chalcogenide molecular cluster, Cluster2 a carbon cluster, and n the number of Cluster2 clusters in the solid-state compound. A method of forming a solid-state material is also provided.

Coordination complexes can have a metal center with at least one unsubstituted catecholate ligand and at least one monosulfonated catecholate ligand or a salt thereof bound thereto. Some coordination complexes can have a formula of D.sub.gTi(L.sub.1).sub.x(L.sub.2).sub.y, in which D is a counterion selected from NH.sub.4.sup.+, Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, or any combination thereof; g ranges between 2 and 6; L.sub.1 is an unsubstituted catecholate ligand; L.sub.2 is a monosulfonated catecholate ligand; and x and y are non-zero numbers such that x+y=3. Methods for synthesizing such coordination complexes can include providing a neat mixture of catechol and a sub-stoichiometric amount of sulfuric acid, heating the neat mixture to form a reaction product containing catechol and a monosulfonated catechol or a salt thereof, and forming a coordination complex from the reaction product without separating the catechol and the monosulfonated catechol or the salt thereof from one another.

Flow batteries and other electrochemical systems can contain an active material that is a coordination complex having at least one monosulfonated catecholate ligand or a salt thereof bound to a metal center. The monosulfonated catecholate ligand has a structure of

##STR00001##

More particularly, the coordination complex can be a titanium coordination complex with a formula of D.sub.gTi(L.sub.1)(L.sub.2)(L.sub.3), in which D is a counterion selected from H, NH.sub.4.sup.|, Li.sup.|, Na.sup.|, K.sup.|, or any combination thereof g ranges between 3 and 6; and L.sub.1, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 are ligands, where at least one of L.sub.1, L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 is a monosulfonated catecholate ligand. Methods for synthesizing such monosulfonated catecholate ligands can include providing a neat mixture of catechol and up to about 1.3 stoichiometric equivalents of sulfuric acid, and heating the neat mixture at a temperature of about 80 C. or above to form 3,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid or a salt thereof.

The invention relates to tuned multifunctional linker molecules for charge transport through organic-inorganic composite structures. The problem underlying the present invention is to provide multifunctional linker molecules for tuning the conductivity in nanoparticle-linker assemblies which can be used in the formation of electronic networks and circuits and thin films of nanoparticles. The problem is solved according to the invention by providing a multifunctional linker molecule of the general structure
CON.sub.1-FUNC.sub.1-X-FUNC.sub.2-CON.sub.2
in which X is the central body of the molecule, FUNC.sub.1 and FUNC.sub.2 independently of each other are molecular groups introducing a dipole moment and/or capable of forming intermolecular and/or intramolecular hydrogen bonding networks, and CON .sub.1 and CON .sub.2 independently of each other are molecular groups binding to nanostructured units comprising metal and semiconductor materials.