A secondary battery capable of safely improving a battery performance is provided. An electrolyte with which a separator 13 is impregnated contains an alkyl sulfone and a low-polar solvent (a solvent having a relative permittivity of 20 or less) together with an aluminum salt. The alkyl sulfone facilitates the redox reaction of aluminum, and further reduces the reactivity of the electrolyte. Additionally, the low-polar solvent suppresses the block of the redox reaction of aluminum. In charge and discharge, it becomes easy to electrochemically efficiently precipitate and dissolve aluminum, and further to inhibit the corrosion of a metallic exterior package member or the like.

The present invention provides an anion exchange resin capable of producing an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell, a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer and a battery electrode catalyst layer. The anion exchange resin of the present invention has a hydrophobic unit, a hydrophilic unit and divalent fluorine-containing groups. The hydrophobic unit has divalent hydrophobic groups composed of one aromatic ring or a plurality of aromatic rings that are repeated via carbon-carbon bond. The hydrophilic unit has divalent hydrophilic groups composed of one aromatic ring or a plurality of aromatic rings, at least one of which has an anion exchange group, that are repeated via carbon-carbon bond. The divalent fluorine-containing groups have a specific structure and are bonded via carbon-carbon bond to the hydrophobic unit and/or the hydrophilic unit and/or a moiety other than these units.

An interlayer is used to reduce Fermi-level pinning phenomena in a semiconductive device with a semiconductive substrate. The interlayer may be a rare-earth oxide. The interlayer may be an ionic semiconductor. A metallic barrier film may be disposed between the interlayer and a metallic coupling. The interlayer may be a thermal-process combination of the metallic barrier film and the semiconductive substrate. A process of forming the interlayer may include grading the interlayer. A computing system includes the interlayer.

Electrodes employing as active material metal nanoparticles synthesized by a novel route are provided. The nanoparticle synthesis is facile and reproducible, and provides metal nanoparticles of very small dimension and high purity for a wide range of metals. The electrodes utilizing these nanoparticles thus may have superior capability. Electrochemical cells employing said electrodes are also provided.

An ion conductor exhibiting high lithium ion conductivity in the form of a molded product without firing is provided. The ion conductor contains an ion conductive powder having lithium ion conductivity and an ionic liquid having lithium ion conductivity. The ionic liquid has an average thickness of 5 nm or more.

A bio-electrode composition includes (A) an ionic material and (B) a silicon material powder. The component (A) is a polymer compound containing a repeating unit-a having a structure selected from an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, and a silver salt of any of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and N-carbonyl-fluorosulfonamide. Thus, the present invention provides a bio-electrode composition capable of forming a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, is light-weight, can be manufactured at low cost, and can control significant reduction in the electric conductivity even when the bio-electrode is wetted with water or dried; a bio-electrode including a living body contact layer formed of the bio-electrode composition; and a method for manufacturing the bio-electrode.

Disclosed is an electrically conductive substance which comprises a complex containing rubeanic acid ligands and copper ions. The copper ions contained in the complex comprise copper (I) ions. The electrically conductive substance is produced by a production method which comprises mixing a rubeanic acid compound and a copper (I) compound in the presence of a base.

A bio-electrode composition contains (A) a reaction composite of a monomer having an ionic functional group and a carbon particle. The component (A) contains the carbon particle bonded to the monomer having a structure selected from the group consisting of salts of ammonium, lithium, sodium, potassium, and silver formed with any of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and N-carbonyl-fluorosulfonamide. Thus, the present invention provides: a bio-electrode composition capable of forming a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode which is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, and manufacturable at low cost, and which prevents significant reduction in the electric conductivity even when wetted with water or dried; a bio-electrode including a living body contact layer formed of the bio-electrode composition; and a method for manufacturing the bio-electrode.

The present disclosure provides an anisotropic conductive film, a display panel, and manufacturing method thereof. The anisotropic conductive film includes a conductive particle, the conductive particle including a covalent organic framework material, the covalent organic framework material including PyVg-COF. The display panel including a first substrate, a second substrate and an anisotropic conductive film. The method of manufacturing the display panel including: providing a first substrate, coating an anisotropic conductive film on the first substrate, coupling the second substrate to the first substrate, and bonding the first substrate to the second substrate. The present disclosure provides the conductive particles of the covalent organic frame material replace the existing gold ball as an anisotropic conductive film for bonding, thereby saving the manufacturing cost of the gold ball, improving the conductivity and water resistance, and avoiding the bonding contact point being oxidation.

A battery electrode material includes a composition of (A) a charge-conducting radical polymer, (B) poly[poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate] (PPEGMA); and (A) a lithium salt, the composition being a mixed ionic and electronic conductor with ionic conductivity at room temperature of at least about 10.sup.−4 S/cm and electronic conductivity of at least about 10.sup.−3 S/cm.