Methods and materials to fabricate electrochromic including electrochemical devices are disclosed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the composition, fabrication and incorporation of electrolytic sheets in these devices. Composition, fabrication and incorporation of redox layers and sealants suitable for these devices are also disclosed. Incorporation of EC devices in insulated glass system (IGU) windows is also disclosed.

A bio-electrode composition contains particles having surfaces with an N-carbonyl sulfonamide salt shown by the following general formula (1). R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and optionally having an aromatic group, ether group, or ester group, or an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Rf represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and optionally has a fluorine atom. M.sup.+ represents an ion selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, and silver ions. This invention provides a bio-electrode composition capable of forming a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode which is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, and manufacturable at low cost, and prevents significant reduction in electric conductivity even when wetted with water or dried.

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A bio-electrode composition contains particles having surfaces with a sulfonimide salt shown by the following general formula (1). R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and optionally having an aromatic group, ether group, or ester group, or an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Rf represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and optionally has a fluorine atom. M.sup.+ represents an ion selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, and silver ions. This invention provides a bio-electrode composition capable of forming a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode which is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, and manufacturable at low cost, and prevents significant reduction in electric conductivity even when wetted with water or dried.

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An ion conductor material includes a solid-electrolyte material and a resin binder. The solid-electrolyte material includes Li, M, and X. The M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal and metalloid elements other than Li. The X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I. The molar ratio of a modification group included in the resin binder to the solid-electrolyte material is less than or equal to 0.0002.

A polymer composition that is capable of exhibiting a unique combination of ductility (e.g., tensile elongation at break), impact strength (e.g., Charpy notched impact strength), and dimensional stability is provided. For example, the polymer composition may contain a liquid crystalline polymer in combination with an epoxy-functionalized olefin copolymer and an inorganic particulate material.

A method for producing a fluorosulfonyl group-containing compound to obtain a compound represented by the following formula 5 from a compound represented by the following formula 1 as a starting material and a method for producing a fluorosulfonyl group-containing monomer in which the fluorosulfonyl group-containing compound is used:

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wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are a C.sub.1-3 alkylene group, and R.sup.F1 and R.sup.F2 are a C.sub.1-3 perfluoroalkylene group.

An electrically conductive material includes an anionic polymer having a polymer backbone that is bonded to a plurality of terminal catechol moieties and a plurality of terminal sulfonate moieties. It also includes a cationic polymer including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).

To provide a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a high density and a large length and an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery containing the lithium ion conductive crystal body. A Li.sub.5La.sub.3Ta.sub.2O.sub.12 crystal body, which is one example of the lithium ion conductive crystal body, has a relative density of 99% or more, belongs to a cubic system, has a garnet-related type structure, and has a length of 2 cm or more. The Li.sub.5La.sub.3Ta.sub.2O.sub.12 crystal body is grown by a melting method employing a Li.sub.5La.sub.3Ta.sub.2O.sub.12 polycrystal body as a raw material. With the growing method, a Li.sub.5La.sub.3Ta.sub.2O.sub.12 crystal body having a relative density of 100% can also be obtained. In addition, the all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte, in which the solid electrolyte contains the lithium ion conductive crystal body.

Composite airfoils of the present disclosure comprise a root section including a first surface. The airfoils comprise an intermediate section having a first surface and coupled with the root section at a first end. The airfoils comprise a tip section having a first surface and coupled at a first end with a second end of the intermediate section. The airfoils comprise a conductive material layer adjacent at least one of the first surface of the root section, the first surface of the intermediate section, and the first surface of the tip section. The conductive material comprises a first polymer, a second polymer, and a sulfonic acid.

Described is a method of synthesizing a plurality of core-shell nanoparticles. The method includes forming shells around a plurality of lithium sulfide nanoparticles, wherein the shells conduct electrons and lithium ions.