In an embodiment, a microwave circuit (circuit) includes an attenuator configured to attenuate a plurality of frequencies in a microwave signal. In an embodiment, the attenuator comprises a component of a first material, the first material exhibiting superconductivity in a cryogenic temperature range. In an embodiment, the circuit includes a magnet configured to generate a magnetic field at the attenuator, wherein the magnetic field is at least equal to a critical magnetic field strength of the first material. In an embodiment, the critical magnetic field strength causes the first material to become non-superconductive in the cryogenic temperature range.

Magnetic field generating unit 2 is fixed to object 7 that moves relative to magnetic field detecting means 3. Magnetic field generating unit 3 has magnetic field generator 4, first support structure 5 that is fixed to object 7 and second support structure 6 that is independent of first support structure 5. Second support structure 6 is supported by first support structure 5 and supports magnetic field generator 4. For example, second support structure 6 is formed of a nonmagnetic material, and magnetic field generator 4 is arranged away from first support structure 5.

A vehicle comprises a chassis supported by wheels for moveably carrying the chassis in a driving direction, a steering wheel for turning a steering column around a rotation axis, and a steering angle sensor for measuring a rotation angle of the steering column with an encoder that is stationary to the steering column and with a magnet sensor that is disposed axially displaced from the encoder on the rotation axis. The encoder includes a first magnet with a top side directed to the magnet sensor and a second magnet attached to the first magnet opposite to the top side. The first magnet includes a recess starting from the top side, and each magnet is magnetized orthogonal to the rotation axis. The first magnet and the second magnet are displaced against each other in rotation direction. The recess has a depth lower than an axial thickness of the first magnet.

Magnetic sensors, sensor modules, and methods thereof are provided. A magnetic sensor includes a sensor arrangement including a plurality of magnetic field sensor elements electrically arranged in an asymmetrical bridge circuit, where a first total resistance of a first pair of sensor elements provided on a first side of the asymmetrical bridge circuit is different from a second total resistance of a second pair of sensor elements provided on a second side of the asymmetrical bridge circuit, and the asymmetrical bridge circuit is configured to generate a differential signal based on sensor signals generated by the plurality of magnetic field sensor elements in response to a magnetic field impinging thereon.

A permanent magnet comprising an antiferromagnetic layer and a ferromagnetic layer having a first sub-layer made of a first type of ferromagnetic material, the first type of ferromagnetic material being an at least partially crystallized alloy of iron and cobalt, and a second sub-layer made of a second type of ferromagnetic material, this second type of ferromagnetic material also being an alloy of iron and cobalt in which the proportion of face-centered cubic crystals is less than the proportion of face-centered cubic crystals in the first type of ferromagnetic material.

An apparatus for generating a magnetic field including permanent magnets arranged in a plane, each magnet being spatially separated along the plane from the adjacent magnet by a predetermined spacing, each magnet having a magnetic polarity opposed to the polarity of the adjacent magnet such that a magnetic field of adjacent magnets is oriented substantially perpendicular to the plane and in opposite directions, each magnet being spatially separated in the plane from the adjacent magnet by a nonmagnetic material. A method for programming a magnetic device or sensor device using the apparatus is also described.

A position detection apparatus includes a magnetic unit and a sensor. The magnetic unit includes a magnetic member and a retainer. The magnetic member includes a magnet and a first magnetic yoke. The magnet extends in an axial direction and has a cross-section orthogonal to the axial direction, and a first maximum outer diameter in a radial direction orthogonal to the axial direction. The cross-section has a substantially constant area in the axial direction. The first magnetic yoke is disposed adjacent to the magnet in the axial direction and has a second maximum outer diameter in the radial direction. The second maximum outer diameter is greater than the first maximum outer diameter. The retainer extends in the axial direction and retains the magnetic member. The sensor detects a magnetic field that changes in association with a movement of the magnetic unit along the axial direction.

Theoretical and practical constraints disallow direct determination of the structure of the atomic nucleus. Contained herein is a magnet model of the atomic nucleus, derived from considerations of charge density, RMS charge radii, magnetic moments, and nucleon binding energy. These physical properties point to a sequential, alternating up and down quark structure modeled in the present invention by an array of magnets alternating in polarity. The summation of the pull forces of the two magnet poles is unequal, and when two such magnet arrays are placed opposite one another in magnetic potential energy barrier assembly, the two arrays repel at a distance and attract when near one another. In one embodiment, the ratio of the maximum attractive force to the maximum repulsive force very closely approximates the strong force constant 137. This invention serves as a demonstration of the Coulomb barrier for the student, and a potentially useful model for probing the forces and structure of the atomic nucleus.

A rotation operation device using magnetic force, which is compact and enables a user to perform a proper operation. The rotation operation device includes a rotation operation member rotatable about a predetermined axis. A ring-shaped magnet is magnetized in a magnetization direction parallel to the predetermined axis such that magnetic poles alternate. The magnet rotates about the predetermined axis along with rotation of the rotation operation member. A first magnetic body have first tooth portions formed at predetermined intervals along a circumferential direction and extending in radial directions of the magnet. The magnet overlaps with the first tooth portions in a direction of the predetermined axis. An operating physical force is generated according to changes in positions of the magnetic poles and the first tooth portions, which are caused by rotation of the magnet.

The invention relates to a method for examining a magnetic field source. In this case, the magnetic vector field emanating from the magnetic field source is detected in a first coordinate system and corresponding magnetic field data is generated. Furthermore, the geometrical body of the magnetic field source is geometrically detected in a second coordinate system and corresponding geometrical data is generated. Subsequently, the first and the second coordinate systems are transferred into a mutual coordinate system by means of a coordinate transformation and the magnetic field data and the geometrical data are combined within the mutual coordinate system in order to place the magnetic vector field of the magnetic field source and the geometrical body of the magnetic field source into a mutual positional relationship.